Editing James Cook (section)

==Legacy==

===Navigation===
[[File:Larcum Kendall chronometer K1.jpg|thumb
|alt=A large pocket watch, about 13 centimeters in diameter
|The [[Larcum_Kendall#K1|K1 chronometer]] used on Cook's second and third voyages, which enabled accurate computation of longitude. The cost was £500, {{Inflation|UK|500|1769|fmt=eq|cursign=£}}.<ref>
{{cite book
   | title = Marine Chronometers at Greenwich: A Catalogue of Marine Chronometers at the National Maritime Museum, Greenwich
  | last= Betts
  | first= J.
 |  isbn=9780191511172
  | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xL9EDwAAQBAJ
  | year=2018
  | publisher=OUP Oxford
 | page = 186
}} The British government paid Kendall £450 plus a £50 bonus.
</ref>]]
Cook's three voyages to the Pacific Ocean vastly expanded Europeans' knowledge of the area. Several islands, including the Hawaiian group, were encountered for the first time by Europeans, and his accurate navigational charting of large areas of the Pacific contributed to the fields of hydrographic and geographic knowledge.{{cn|date=May 2025}}

On his second and third voyages, Cook carried the K1 chronometer made by [[Larcum Kendall]], to test if it could accurately keep time for long spans of time, while withstanding the violent motions of a ship. It performed well, and thus (along with similar chronometers, such as [[John_Harrison#H4|John Harrison's H4]]) solved the [[History of longitude|longitude problem]] that had plagued mariners for centuries.{{sfn|Hough|1994| pp= 192-193, 197, 236}}{{sfn|Collingridge|2003|pp=260, 309, 344}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dl.nfsa.gov.au/module/1318/ |title=Captain Cook – Cook's Chronometer |work=English and Media Literacy, Documentaries |via=dl.nfsa.gov.au |year=2011 |access-date=8 August 2011 |archive-date=20 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110220205340/http://dl.nfsa.gov.au/module/1318/ |url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn|
Kendall's chronometer was a copy of Harrison's H4 chronometer.
{{sfn|Hough|1994| pp= 192-193, 197, 236}}
}} Cook's log was full of praise for the timepiece.{{cn|date=June 2025}}

===Leadership===

Several officers who served under Cook went on to have distinguished careers. [[William Bligh]], Cook's [[sailing master]], was given command of {{HMS|Bounty||6}} in 1787 to sail to Tahiti and return with [[breadfruit]]. Bligh's [[Mutiny on the Bounty|crew mutinied]], and placed him and 18 others into an open boat 23 feet (7 m) long. Bligh successfully navigated 3618 miles (5822 km) to [[Timor]], arriving with all men alive.<ref>{{ cite book
| url = http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A010111b.htm 
 | access-date = 28 May 2025
 | first = A. G. L.  
 | last= Shaw
 | author-link =A. G. L. Shaw
 | chapter=Bligh, William (1754–1817)
 | title=Australian Dictionary of Biography 
 |  volume =1
 |  publisher= Melbourne University Press    
 |  year= 1966   
 |  pages= 118–122 
}}
</ref> He later became [[Governor of New South Wales]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.royalnavalmuseum.org/info_sheets_william_bligh.htm |title=Biography: William Bligh |work=Royal Naval Museum at Portsmouth Historic Dockyard |year=2011 |access-date=7 August 2011 |archive-date=9 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131209022850/http://www.royalnavalmuseum.org/info_sheets_william_bligh.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> [[George Vancouver]], one of Cook's [[Midshipman|midshipmen]], led a [[Vancouver Expedition|voyage of exploration to the Pacific Coast of North America]] from 1791 to 1794.<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/vancouver-george-2755 |chapter=Vancouver, George (1757–1798) |title=Australian Dictionary of Biography |publisher=National Centre of Biography, Australian National University |first=Nan |last=Phillips |access-date=22 September 2011 |archive-date=15 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815203650/http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/vancouver-george-2755 |url-status=live}}</ref> In honour of Vancouver's former commander, his ship was named {{HMS|Discovery|1789|2}}. [[George Dixon (Royal Navy officer)|George Dixon]], who sailed under Cook on his third expedition, later commanded a commercial vessel that circumnavigated the globe.<ref>{{cite DCB 
|first=Barry M. 
|last=Gough
 |title=Dixon, George
 |volume=4 
|url=http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/dixon_george_1776_91_4E.html 
|access-date=7 August 2011
}}</ref>

===Science===
Cook was a pioneer in the prevention of [[scurvy]].{{sfn|Beaglehole|1974|pp=703-704}} He succeeded in circumnavigating the world on his first voyage without losing a single man to [[scurvy]], an unusual accomplishment at the time.{{sfn|Beaglehole|1974|pp=703-704}}{{sfn|Hough|1994|pp=2660-267}} He tested several preventive measures, most importantly the frequent replenishment of fresh food.<ref>{{Harvnb|Fernandez-Armesto|2006|p=297.}}</ref>{{efn|Cook did not employ citrus fruits{{snd}}lemons, oranges{{snd}}to combat scurvy, instead relying on [[sauerkraut]] and fresh fruits and vegetables.{{sfn|Beaglehole|1974|pp=703-704}}}} For presenting a paper on this aspect of the voyage to the Royal Society he was presented with the [[Copley Medal]] in 1776.<ref>{{harvnb|Stamp|1978|p= 105.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal
 |url=https://archive.org/details/philtrans08393052 
|access-date=1 April 2025
|title=The Method Taken for Preserving the Health of the Crew of His Majesty's Ship the Resolution during Her Late Voyage Round the World |volume=66
 |pages=402–406
 |first=Captain James 
|last=Cook 
|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
|year=1767 
|issn=0261-0523 
 |doi=10.1098/rstl.1776.0023
 |s2cid=186212653
}}</ref> Cook became the first European to have extensive contact with various people of the Pacific. Based on language similarities, Cook and Banks identified similarities in the languages spoken in the Pacific Islands and Southeast Asia, and suggested that they may have originated in Asia.{{sfn|Sykes|2001|pp=79-85}}<ref>{{cite web 
|url=https://www.pbs.org/wayfinders/polynesian4.html
|title =  Linguistic Evidence/Oral Traditions
|website= Wayfinders: A Pacific Odyssey
|publisher=PBS
|access-date=28 May 2025
}}</ref>{{efn|Today, most languages in the south Pacific Ocean are categorized within the [[Austronesian language]] group.}} 
<!-- In New Zealand schoolbooks, the arrival of Cook is often identified with the onset of [[colonisation]].{{sfn|Horwitz|2003|p=156}} Valid fact from book; but needs to be moved to the Controversy section of this article --> 
[[File:Endeavour replica in Cooktown harbour.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3
|alt=A large wooden ship in a bay in Australia
|A [[HM Bark Endeavour Replica|replica of the ''Endeavour'']] in [[Cooktown, Queensland|Cooktown Harbour]], near where the original ship was beached for seven weeks in 1770 for repairs.]]
Significant observations and discoveries were made by the scientists that Cook carried on each his voyages. Two botanists, Joseph Banks and [[Daniel Solander]], sailed on the first voyage and collected over 3,000 plant species.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nhm.ac.uk/jdsml/nature-online/endeavour-botanical/about2.dsml |title=The Endeavour Botanical Illustrations at the Natural History Museum |publisher=Natural History Museum |year=2011 |access-date=8 August 2011 |archive-date=5 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110705011718/http://www.nhm.ac.uk/jdsml/nature-online/endeavour-botanical/about2.dsml |url-status=live}}</ref> Banks subsequently promoted British settlement of Australia, leading to the establishment of New South Wales as [[History_of_New_South_Wales#1788:_Establishment_of_the_colony|a penal settlement in 1788]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/banks_sir_joseph.shtml |title=Sir Joseph Banks |publisher=BBC |year=2011 |access-date=8 August 2011 |archive-date=25 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125072305/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/banks_sir_joseph.shtml |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/solander-daniel-2677 |chapter=Solander, Daniel (1733–1782) |title=Australian Dictionary of Biography |publisher=National Centre of Biography, Australian National University |first=L. A. |last=Gilbert |access-date=22 September 2011 |archive-date=19 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110919080043/http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/solander-daniel-2677 |url-status=live}}</ref> Artists also sailed on Cook's first voyage. [[Sydney Parkinson]] was heavily involved in documenting the botanists' findings, completing 264 drawings before his death near the end of the voyage.<ref name=flor>{{Cite journal
|last=Yarwood|first=Vaughan
|date=July–August 2018
|title=Joseph Banks' Florilegium
|journal=New Zealand Geographic
|volume=152
|pages=106–107
|issn=0113-9967 
}}</ref>{{sfn|Collingridge|2003|p=243}} The drawings, many published in ''[[Banks' Florilegium]]'', were of immense scientific value to British botanists.<ref name=flor/>{{sfn|Collingridge|2003|p=243}}<ref>{{cite web 
|url=http://www.nhm.ac.uk/jdsml/nature-online/endeavour-botanical/people.dsml 
|title=The Endeavour Botanical Illustrations at the Natural History Museum |publisher=Natural History Museum 
 |year=2011
 |access-date=8 August 2011
 |archive-date=5 July 2011 
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110705011619/http://www.nhm.ac.uk/jdsml/nature-online/endeavour-botanical/people.dsml |url-status=live
}}</ref> Cook's second expedition included artist [[William Hodges]], who produced landscape paintings of many locations, including Tahiti, Easter Island, and New Zealand.<ref>{{cite DNB|wstitle=Hodges, William (1744-1797)|volume=27}}</ref> 

Cook's contributions to knowledge gained international recognition during his lifetime. In 1779, while the [[Thirteen Colonies|American colonies]] were [[American Revolutionary War|fighting Britain for their independence]], [[Benjamin Franklin]] wrote to captains of colonial warships at sea, recommending that if they came into contact with Cook's vessel, they were to "not consider her an enemy, nor suffer any plunder to be made of the effects contained in her, nor obstruct her immediate return to England by detaining her or sending her into any other part of Europe or to America; but that you treat the said Captain Cook and his people with all civility and kindness ... as common friends to mankind."<ref name="Franklin1837">{{cite book |last=Franklin |first=Benjamin |author-link=Benjamin Franklin |title=The works of Benjamin Franklin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vVc-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA124 |access-date=22 September 2011 |date=1837 |publisher=Tappan, Whittemore, and Mason |pages=123–124 |archive-date=28 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528054931/http://books.google.com/books?id=vVc-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA124 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Memorials===

====United Kingdom====
[[File:Memorial tablet – Captain James Cook and his family, Church of St Andrew the Great, Cambridge.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0
|alt=An ornately carved plaque, mounted on the wall of a church
|Memorial to James Cook and family in the church of [[St Andrew the Great]], Cambridge.]]
His obituary in the ''The Norwich Chronicle'' read, in part:
{{blockquote|text=This untimely and ever to be lamented fate of so intrepid, so able, and intelligent a sea-officer, may justly be considered as an irreparable loss to the public... for in him were united every successful and amiable quality that could adorn his profession; nor was his singular modesty less conspicuous than his other virtues. His successful experiments to preserve the healths of his crews are well known, and his discoveries will be an everlasting honour to his country.{{sfn|Hough|1994|p=364. Biographer Hough mistakenly attributes this obituary to ''[[The London Gazette]]''. The quoted obituary is from ''The Norfolk Chronicle'', Vol. 554, 15 January 1780}}<ref>
{{cite newspaper
|url=https://www.lastchancetoread.com/docs/1780-01-15-the-norfolk-chronicle.aspx  
|access-date=30 May 2025
|newspaper= The Norfolk Chronicle
|title=Obituary of Captain James Cook
|date= 15 January 1780
|issue=554
}}
</ref>
}}

One of the earliest monuments to Cook in the United Kingdom is located at [[The Vache]], erected in 1780 by [[Hugh Palliser]], a friend of Cook.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://ornc.org/news/palliser-and-cook/
|title=The Governor and the Navigator: Connecting Sir Hugh Palliser and Captain James Cook 
|publisher=Old Royal Naval College Greenwich
|access-date=28 May 2025
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1124987?section=official-list-entry
|publisher=Historic England
|title= Monument to Captain Cook Approximately 70 metres to North of the Vache
|access-date=28 May 2025
}}</ref> The inscription reads, in part:
{{blockquote|text=The ablest and most renowned navigator this or any country hath produced... Cool and deliberate in judging, sagacious in determining, active in executing, steady and persevering in enterprising from vigilance and unremitting caution, unsubdued by labour, difficulties, and disappointments, fertile in expedience never wanting presence of mind... Mild, just, but exact in discipline... Traveller! Contemplate, admire, revere and emulate this great master in his profession, whose skill and labours have enlarged natural philosophy [and] have extended nautical science.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.captaincooksociety.com/remembering-cook/memorials/types-of-cook-memorials/monument-to-cook-at-the-vache-chalfont-st-giles-buckinghamshire-uk
|title=Monument to Cook at The Vache, Chalfont St Giles, Buckinghamshire, UK 
|access-date=30 May 2025
|publisher=Captain Cook Society
}}</ref>{{sfn|Beaglehole|1974|pp=696-697}}
}}

A large obelisk was built in 1827 as a monument to Cook on [[Easby Moor]] overlooking his boyhood village of [[Great Ayton]],<ref>{{cite web 
|url=http://www.great-ayton.org.uk/tourism/cook/cook_monument/
 |title=Great Ayton – Captain Cook's Monument 
|access-date=20 September 2011 
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111027202118/http://www.great-ayton.org.uk/tourism/cook/cook_monument/ 
|archive-date=27 October 2011 
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> along with a smaller monument at the former location of Cook's cottage.<ref>{{cite news
 |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article17137751 
|title=Captain Cook
 |work=The Sydney Morning Herald  
|issn=0312-6315
|date=26 January 1935 
|access-date=27 September 2013
 |page=16
 |publisher=National Library of Australia 
|archive-date=9 November 2021
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109015431/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/17137751
 |url-status=live
}}</ref> There is also a monument to Cook in the church of [[St Andrew the Great]], [[St Andrew's Street, Cambridge]], where his sons Hugh, a student at Christ's College, and James were buried. Cook's widow Elizabeth was also buried in the church and in her will left money for the memorial's upkeep.<ref>{{cite web
|title=St Andrew the Great Church, Cambridge
|url=http://www.captaincooksociety.com/home/detail/st-andrew-the-great-church-cambridge
|website=Captain Cook Society
|accessdate=13 August 2017
}}</ref> 

The 250th anniversary of Cook's birth was marked at the site of his birthplace in [[Marton, Middlesbrough|Marton]] by the opening of the [[Captain Cook Birthplace Museum]], located within [[Stewart Park Middlesbrough|Stewart Park]] (1978). A granite vase just to the south of the museum marks the approximate spot where he was born.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.captcook-ne.co.uk/ccbm/index.htm |title=The Captain Cook Birthplace Museum, Marton, Middlesbrough |work=captcook-ne.co.uk |year=2011 |access-date=8 August 2011 |archive-date=20 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720010546/http://www.captcook-ne.co.uk/ccbm/index.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> Other tributes in [[Middlesbrough]] include a primary school,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/bsp/hi/education/04/school_tables/primary_schools/html/806_2370.stm |title=Captain Cook Primary School |publisher=BBC |date=2 December 2004 |access-date=21 September 2011 |archive-date=9 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109015533/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/bsp/hi/education/04/school_tables/primary_schools/html/806_2370.stm |url-status=live}}</ref> shopping square<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.captaincookshopping.com/ |title=Captain Cook Shopping Square |publisher=Captaincookshopping.com |access-date=8 March 2010 |archive-date=28 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100328130339/http://www.captaincookshopping.com/ |url-status=live}}</ref> and the ''Bottle 'O Notes'', a public artwork by [[Claes Oldenburg]], that was erected in the town's Central Gardens in 1993.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://teesvalleymuseums.org/object/bottle-of-notes-artwork-claes-oldenburg-and-coosje-van-bruggen-local-art-and-artists/
|access-date=28 May 2025
|title=Bottle of Notes
|website =Tees Valley Museums
}}</ref>

Also named after Cook is [[James Cook University Hospital]], a major teaching hospital which opened in 2003, near to the [[James Cook railway station]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.glendalehouse.co.uk/pages/captainCook.html |title=Captain Cook and the Captain Cook Trail |access-date=22 September 2011 |archive-date=6 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110906040659/http://www.glendalehouse.co.uk/pages/captainCook.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The Royal Research Ship [[RRS James Cook|RRS ''James Cook'']] was built in 2006 to replace the [[RRS Charles Darwin|RRS ''Charles Darwin'']] in the UK's Royal Research Fleet,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nerc.ac.uk/research/sites/facilities/marine/jamescook.asp |title=RRS James Cook |publisher=Nautical Environment Research Council |year=2011 |access-date=5 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120703104025/http://www.nerc.ac.uk/research/sites/facilities/marine/jamescook.asp |archive-date=3 July 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and [[Stepney Historical Trust]] placed a plaque on Free Trade Wharf in the Highway, Shadwell to commemorate his life in the East End of London. A [[Statue of Captain James Cook, The Mall|statue]] erected in his honour can be viewed near [[Admiralty Arch]] on the south side of [[The Mall, London|The Mall]] in London. In 2002, Cook was placed at number 12 in the BBC's poll of the [[100 Greatest Britons]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/programmes/greatbritons/list.shtml/ |title=BBC – Great Britons – Top 100 |access-date=19 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021204214727/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/programmes/greatbritons/list.shtml/ |archive-date=4 December 2002 |work=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

====Australia====
[[File:Annual_re-enactment.of_Cook's_visit._Cooktown_1999.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4
|alt=A group of about 12 people dressed in English military uniforms dating from around 1800, shooting their rifles into the air
|Annual re-enactment of James Cook's visit in [[Cooktown, Queensland|Cooktown]], Queensland.]]
[[Cooks' Cottage]], his parents' last home, which he is likely to have visited, is now in [[Melbourne]], Australia, having been moved from England at the behest of the Australian philanthropist [[Russell Grimwade]] in 1934.<ref name="CityMelb">{{cite web |title=Cooks' Cottage |url=https://whatson.melbourne.vic.gov.au/PlacesToGo/CooksCottage/Pages/CooksCottage.aspx |access-date=6 August 2017 |publisher=[[City of Melbourne]] |archive-date=31 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131055807/https://whatson.melbourne.vic.gov.au/PlacesToGo/CooksCottage/Pages/CooksCottage.aspx |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=1 July 1933 |title=Captain Cook's Cottage:  Another Centenary Gift: Mr. Russell Grimwade's Generosity. 
|page=21 
|newspaper=[[The Argus (Melbourne)|The Argus]] 
|issn=2377-7052
|issue=((27,105)) 
|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article4746055 
|access-date=6 September 2017
 |via=National Library of Australia 
|archive-date=12 March 2024 
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312061306/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/4746055
 |url-status=live
}}</ref>{{sfn|Horwitz|2003|p=292}} The first institution of higher education in North Queensland, Australia, was named after him, with [[James Cook University]] opening in [[Townsville]] in 1970.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jcu.edu.au/about |title=About James Cook University |publisher=James Cook University |year=2011 |access-date=7 January 2014 |archive-date=20 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220112811/http://www.jcu.edu.au/about/ |url-status=live}}</ref> There are [[Statue of James Cook, Hyde Park|statues]] of Cook in [[Hyde Park, Sydney|Hyde Park]] in Sydney, and at [[St Kilda, Victoria|St Kilda]] in [[Melbourne]].<ref name="Sum 2024">{{cite news 
|last1=Sum |first1=Eliza |last2=Carey 
|first2=Adam |date=25 January 2024 |title=Second Statue Targeted After Vandals Hack Off Captain Cook Sculpture on Eve of Australia Day 
|url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/victoria/captain-cook-statue-sawn-off-in-pre-australia-day-attack-20240125-p5ezw4.html 
|access-date=25 January 2024 
|work=Sydney Morning Herald 
|issn=0312-6315
|archive-date=25 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125001101/https://www.smh.com.au/national/victoria/captain-cook-statue-sawn-off-in-pre-australia-day-attack-20240125-p5ezw4.html |url-status=live}}</ref> 

In 1959, the Cooktown Re-enactment Association first performed a re-enactment of Cook's 1770 landing at the site of modern [[Cooktown, Queensland|Cooktown]], Australia, and have continued the tradition each year, with the support and participation of many of the local [[Guugu Yimithirr people]].{{cn|date=May 2025}} They celebrate the first act of [[Reconciliation in Australia|reconciliation]] between [[Indigenous Australians]] and non-Indigenous people, when a Guugu Yimithirr elder stepped in after some of Cook's men had violated custom by taking [[green turtle]]s from the river and not sharing with the local people.{{cn|date=May 2025}} He presented Cook with a broken-tipped spear as a peace offering, thus preventing possible bloodshed. Cook recorded the incident in his journal.<ref name="kim">{{cite web |last1=Kim |first1=Sharnie |last2=Stephen |first2=Adam |date=19 June 2020
 |title=Cooktown's Indigenous People Help Commemorate 250 Years Since Captain Cook's Landing with Re-enactment
 |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-06-19/cooktown-indigenous-commemorate-captain-cook-250th-anniversary/12363526 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706200313/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-06-19/cooktown-indigenous-commemorate-captain-cook-250th-anniversary/12363526 |archive-date=6 July 2020 |access-date=6 July 2020 |publisher=ABC News}}</ref>

====United States====
The [[Kealakekua Bay|site where Cook was killed in Hawaii]] was marked in 1874 by a white obelisk. The small plot of land surrounding the marker was purportedly deeded to Britain in 1877 by Princess [[Likelike]] and her husband, [[Archibald Scott Cleghorn]].<ref name=ChrisGray>{{cite news 
|last1=Gray 
|first1=Chris
 |title=Captain Cook's little corner of Hawaii under threat from new golf
 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/captain-cooks-little-corner-of-hawaii-under-threat-from-new-golf-course-623120.html
 |access-date=12 January 2018 
|work=The Independent 
|issn=0951-9467
|date=11 November 2000 
|archive-date=6 May 2018 
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506175006/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/captain-cooks-little-corner-of-hawaii-under-threat-from-new-golf-course-623120.html
 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=CCSmem>{{ cite web
|url=https://www.captaincooksociety.com/remembering-cook/memorials/types-of-cook-memorials/obelisk-to-cook-at-kealakekua-bay-hawaii-hawaiian-islands-usa
|publisher=Captain Cook Society
|title=Obelisk to Cook at Kealakekua Bay, Hawaii, Hawaiian Islands, USA
|access-date=25 May 2025
}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal
 |last=Coulter
 |first=John Wesley 
|date=June 1964
|title=Great Britain in Hawaii: The Captain Cook Monument 
|journal=The Geographical Journal 
|publisher=The Royal Geographical Society 
|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1794586
|access-date=25 May 2025
|volume=130
 |issue=2 
|pages=256–261 
|doi=10.2307/1794586 
|jstor=1794586
 |bibcode=1964GeogJ.130..256C
}}</ref>{{efn|The legality of the deed{{snd}}and subsequent related deeds{{snd}}is in dispute.<ref name=CCSmem/><ref name=ChrisGray/>}} The plot is now fronted by a low stone jetty bearing some small insignia (many now missing) and accompanied by an undated plaque which reads:  "This jetty was erected by the Commonwealth of Australia in memory of Captain James Cook, RN the discoverer of both Australia and these islands".<ref>Photo by Camilo Gaivoto, [[Google Earth]], access date 1 June 2025.</ref> The [[Apollo 15]] [[Apollo Command/Service Module|Command/Service Module]] ''Endeavour''<ref>{{cite web |title=Call Signs |url=https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4029/Apollo_18-17_Call_Signs.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228032512/https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4029/Apollo_18-17_Call_Signs.htm |archive-date=28 February 2020 |access-date=21 May 2011 |publisher=[[NASA]]}}</ref> and the {{ship|Space Shuttle|Endeavour||6}}<ref>{{cite web
 |url=http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/resources/orbiters/Endeavour.html
 |website=John F. Kennedy Space Center  
 |title=Space Shuttle Endeavour 
|publisher=NASA
 |access-date=21 May 2011
 |url-status=dead
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521101826/http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/resources/orbiters/endeavour.html
 |archive-date=21 May 2011}}</ref> are named after Cook's ship. Another Space Shuttle, [[Space Shuttle Discovery|''Discovery'']], was named after Cook's ''Discovery''.<ref>{{cite web
 |url=http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/resources/orbiters/Discovery.html
 |website=John F. Kennedy Space Center  
|title=Space Shuttle Discovery
 |publisher=NASA
|access-date=21 May 2011 
|url-status=dead
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610033909/http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/resources/orbiters/Discovery.html
 |archive-date=10 June 2011
}}</ref> There is a [[Statue of James Cook (Anchorage, Alaska)|statue of Cook]] at Resolution Park in [[Anchorage, Alaska]].<ref>{{cite web
 | url = https://www.alaska.org/detail/resolution-park-captain-cook-monument
| title =  Resolution Park and Captain Cook Monument
| publisher =  Alaska Channel
| access-date  =  28 May 2025
}}
</ref> A U.S. coin, the 1928 [[Hawaii Sesquicentennial half-dollar]], carries Cook's image.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.coinsite.com/content/commemoratives/Hawaii.asp |title=Hawaii Sesquicentennial Half Dollar |work=coinsite.com |year=2011 |access-date=8 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814135925/http://www.coinsite.com/content/Commemoratives/Hawaii.asp |archive-date=14 August 2011}}</ref>

====Canada====
A [[Statue of James Cook (Victoria, British Columbia)|statue of James Cook in Victoria, BC, Canada]]{{snd}}which was constructed in 1976{{snd}}was destroyed on [[Canada Day]] in 2021 by protestors drawing attention to the effects of the [[Canadian Indian residential school system]].<ref>{{cite newspaper
|url=https://www.pressreader.com/canada/times-colonist/20220203/282089165173080
| access-date = 30 May 2025
| newspaper = Victoria Times Colonist
|issn=	0839-427X
| title = Capt. Cook Won't be Back as Inner Harbour Statue
| date = 3 Feb 2022
| first= Roxanne
| last=Egan-Elliot
}} </ref> <ref>{{cite news |last=Dickson |first=Courtney |title=Protesters toss statue of explorer James Cook into Victoria harbour; totem pole later burned |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/victoria-captain-cook-statue-vandalized-1.6088828 |date=2 July 2021 |publisher=[[CBC News]] |access-date=3 July 2021 |archive-date=3 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210703024735/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/victoria-captain-cook-statue-vandalized-1.6088828 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Ethnographic collections===
[[File:H000104- Feather Cape.jpg|thumb|Hawaiian [[ʻAhu ʻula]] (feather cloak) held by the [[Australian Museum]].]]
{{see also|James Cook Collection: Australian Museum}}
The [[Australian Museum]] in Sydney holds over 250 objects associated with Cook's voyages. The objects are mostly from Polynesia although there are also artefacts from the Solomon Islands, North America and South America. Many of the artefacts were collected during first contact between Europeans and indigenous peoples of the Pacific.<ref>{{Cite web
 |last=Florek |first=Stan |date=29 October 2014 
|title=Our Global Neighbours: Curious Cook Clubs
 |url=https://australian.museum/blog-archive/science/our-global-neighbours-curious-cook-clubs/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250404232411/https://australian.museum/blog-archive/science/our-global-neighbours-curious-cook-clubs/ |archive-date=4 April 2025 |access-date=5 April 2025 |website=Australian Museum}}</ref><ref name="Thomsett, History of Acquisition">{{cite web |last=Thomsett |first=Sue 
|title=Cook Collection, History of Acquisition
 |url=http://collections.australianmuseum.net.au/amweb/pages/am/NarrativeDisplay.php?irn=35&QueryPage=./NarrativeQuery.php |work=Electronic Museum Narrative |publisher=Australian Museum |access-date=9 November 2021 |archive-date=18 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218090450/http://collections.australianmuseum.net.au/amweb/pages/am/NarrativeDisplay.php?irn=35&QueryPage=.%2FNarrativeQuery.php |url-status=live}}</ref> The largest collection of artefacts from Cook's voyages is the Cook-Forster Collection held at the [[University of Göttingen]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Hauser-Schäublin |first1=Brigitta |last2=Krüger |first2=Gundolf 
|title=Cook-Forster Collection: Pacific Cultural Heritage 
|url=https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/cook_forster/background/the_collection |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612021052/https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/cook_forster/background/the_collection |archive-date=12 June 2024 |access-date=5 April 2025 |website=National Museum of Australia}}</ref>{{efn|The collection is managed by the Göttingen Institute of Cultural and Social Anthropology. [https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/cook_forster A photo gallery displaying some of the items].}}

===Places named after Cook===
Cook's name has been given to the [[Cook Islands]], [[Cook Strait]], [[Cook Inlet]], [[Cooktown, Queensland|Cooktown]], and [[Cook (crater)|Cook crater]] on the Moon.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/1292
 |title=Planetary Names: Crater, Craters: Cook on Moon
 |work=Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature |publisher=[[USGS]]/NASA |access-date=21 September 2011 |archive-date=17 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117182806/http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/1292 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Aoraki / Mount Cook]], the highest summit in New Zealand, is named for him.<ref>{{cite web 
|url=http://www.mtcooknz.com/mackenzie/Mount_Cook/
 |title=Aoraki Mount Cook National Park & Mt Cook Village, New Zealand |access-date=21 September 2011
 |url-status=dead 
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001060533/http://www.mtcooknz.com/mackenzie/Mount_Cook/
 |archive-date=1 October 2011
}}</ref> Another [[Mount Cook (Saint Elias Mountains)|Mount Cook]] is on the border between the U.S. state of Alaska and the Canadian [[Yukon]] territory.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.geodata.us/canada_names_maps/maps.php?featureid=KABJR&f=311 |title=Map of Mount Cook, Yukon, Mountain – Canada Geographical Names Maps |access-date=21 September 2011 |archive-date=18 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118224628/http://www.geodata.us/canada_names_maps/maps.php?featureid=KABJR&f=311 |url-status=live}}</ref> Hawaii has a town named [[Captain Cook, Hawaii|Captain Cook]], near his place of death.

===Culture===
Cook has been a subject in many literary creations. [[Letitia Elizabeth Landon]], a popular poet known for her sentimental romantic poetry,<ref>{{cite web |last=Jacolbe |first=Jessica |date=23 May 2019 |title=Life of Forgotten Poet Letitia Elizabeth Landon |url=https://daily.jstor.org/on-the-life-of-forgotten-poet-letitia-elizabeth-landon/ |access-date=9 October 2022 |website=Jstor Daily |archive-date=9 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009122415/https://daily.jstor.org/on-the-life-of-forgotten-poet-letitia-elizabeth-landon/ |url-status=live}}</ref> published a poetical illustration to a portrait of Captain Cook in 1837.<ref>{{cite book 
|last=Landon
 |first=Letitia Elizabeth
 |title=Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1838
 |url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=49BbAAAAQAAJ&pg=GBS.PA68
 |year=1837 
|publisher=Fisher, Son & Co.
 |chapter=James Cook
|page=23
|access-date=10 October 2022 
|archive-date=10 October 2022 
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010033952/https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=49BbAAAAQAAJ&pg=GBS.PA68 
|url-status=live
}}</ref> In 1931, [[Kenneth Slessor]]'s poem "[[Five Visions of Captain Cook]]" was the "most dramatic break-through" in Australian poetry of the 20th century according to poet [[Douglas Stewart (poet)|Douglas Stewart]].<ref>Herbert C. Jaffa, ''Kenneth Slessor: A Critical Study'', Angus & Robertson, Sydney, 1977, p. 20.</ref> Cook has been depicted in numerous films, documentaries and dramas.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nfsa.gov.au/sites/default/files/05-2017/captain_cook_obsesson_and_discovery_tn.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126131107/https://www.nfsa.gov.au/sites/default/files/05-2017/captain_cook_obsesson_and_discovery_tn.pdf |archive-date=26 January 2024 |url-status=live |title=Teacher's Notes: Captain Cook – Obession and Discovery |publisher=National Film and Sound Archive of Australia |access-date=13 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/reviews/2009/12/10/the-futons-first-look-captain-cooks-extraordinary-atlas-abc-33808/20091210_captaincooksextraordinaryatlas/ 
|title= The Futon's First Look: "Captain Cook's Extraordinary Atlas" (ABC)
 |website=www.TheFutonCritic.com 
|access-date=26 January 2024
 |archive-date=12 March 2024
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312061805/http://www.thefutoncritic.com/reviews/2009/12/10/the-futons-first-look-captain-cooks-extraordinary-atlas-abc-33808/20091210_captaincooksextraordinaryatlas/
 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web
 |url=https://www.creativespirits.info/resources/movies/cooked |title=Cooked (Film) |first=Jens |last=Korff |date=17 July 2022 |website=Creative Spirits |access-date=26 January 2024 |archive-date=26 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126131106/https://www.creativespirits.info/resources/movies/cooked |url-status=live}}</ref>

Cook appears as a symbolic and generic figure in several [[Australian Aboriginal religion and mythology|Aboriginal myths]], often from regions where Cook did not encounter Aboriginal people.<ref name=Maddock/> Cook is usually portrayed as the bringer of Western colonialism to Australia and is presented as a villain who brings immense social change.<ref name=Maddock>{{cite book 
|last=Maddock 
|first=Kenneth
|author-link=Ken Maddock
|chapter=Myth, History and a Sense of Oneself 
|editor-last=Beckett 
|editor-first=Jeremy
|title=Past and Present: The Construction of Aboriginality
|publisher=Aboriginal Studies Press 
|year=1988 
|pages=11–30 
|isbn=0-85575-190-8
|chapter-url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Past_and_Present/-yGEAwAAQBAJ 
|access-date=27 May 2025
}}</ref>

===Controversy===
[[File:Hyde_Park Captain Cook.JPG|thumb
|alt=A bronze statue of Cook, mounted atop a large granite base
|[[Statue of James Cook, Hyde Park|Statue of James Cook]], Hyde Park, Sydney. The rear inscription reads: "Discovered this territory, 1770".]]
{{seealso|Indigenous response to colonialism}}

The period 2018 to 2021 marked the 250th anniversary of Cook's first voyage of exploration. Several countries, including Australia and New Zealand, arranged official events to commemorate the voyage,<ref>{{Cite web 
|title=250th Anniversary of Captain Cook's Voyage to Australia 
|url=https://www.arts.gov.au/what-we-do/cultural-heritage/250th-anniversary-captain-cooks-voyage-australia |access-date=15 March 2021 |website=Australian Government, Office for the Arts |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308172046/https://www.arts.gov.au/what-we-do/cultural-heritage/250th-anniversary-captain-cooks-voyage-australia |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web 
|title=Tuia Enounters 250 |url=https://mch.govt.nz/tuia250 |access-date=15 March 2021 |archive-date=6 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306135019/https://mch.govt.nz/tuia250 |url-status=live}}</ref> leading to widespread public debate about Cook's legacy and the violence associated with his contacts with Indigenous peoples.<ref name="Daley 2020">{{Cite web |last=Daley |first=Paul |date=29 April 2020
 |title=Commemorating Captain James Cook's Arrival, Australia Should Not Omit His Role in the Suffering That Followed
 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/postcolonial-blog/2020/apr/29/commemorating-james-cooks-arrival-australia-should-not-omit-his-role-in-the-suffering-that-followed
 |access-date=16 March 2021 
|website=The Guardian
 |archive-date=8 March 2021 
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308230636/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/postcolonial-blog/2020/apr/29/commemorating-james-cooks-arrival-australia-should-not-omit-his-role-in-the-suffering-that-followed
 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web
 |last=Roy |first=Eleanor Ainge |date=8 October 2019 
|title=New Zealand Wrestles with 250th Anniversary of James Cook's Arrival |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/08/new-zealand-wrestles-with-250th-anniversary-of-james-cooks-arrival 
|access-date=15 March 2021 
|website=The Guardian
 |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414030255/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/08/new-zealand-wrestles-with-250th-anniversary-of-james-cooks-arrival 
|url-status=live}}</ref> In the lead-up to the commemorations, various memorials to Cook in Australia and New Zealand were vandalised, and there were public calls for their removal or modification due to their alleged promotion of colonialist narratives.<ref>{{Cite web
 |date=23 August 2017
 |title=Australia Debates Captain Cook 'Discovery' Statue 
|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-41020363 
|access-date=15 March 2021 |website=BBC News |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414030114/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-41020363 
|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web
 |date=13 June 2020 
|title=Captain James Cook Statue Defaced in Gisborne
 |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/captain-james-cook-statue-defaced-in-gisborne/RH3B2TD2CNMR6D2AP3QWSBX2F4/ 
|access-date=16 March 2021
 |website=[[The New Zealand Herald]]
 |archive-date=9 March 2021 
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309004905/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/captain-james-cook-statue-defaced-in-gisborne/RH3B2TD2CNMR6D2AP3QWSBX2F4/
 |url-status=live
}}</ref> There were also campaigns for the return of Indigenous artefacts taken during Cook's voyages.<ref>{{cite web 
|date=13 November 2020
 |title=Shots Fired 
|url=https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/stuff-the-british-stole/shots-fired/12868096 
|url-status=live 
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307042709/https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/stuff-the-british-stole/shots-fired/12868096
 |archive-date=7 March 2021 
|access-date=12 March 2021
 |website=ABC Radio National
}}</ref>{{efn|An example of an artefact that has been the subject of requests for return is the [[Gweagal shield]].<ref>{{Cite journal
|last=Thomas
|first=Nicholas
|date=2018
|title=A Case of Identity: The Artifacts of the 1770 Kamay (Botany Bay) Encounter
|url=
|journal=Australian Historical Studies
|volume=49
|issue=1
 |pages=4–27
|issn=1031-461X
|doi=10.1080/1031461X.2017.1414862 
|via=Taylor and Francis Online
}}</ref>}} Attacks on public monuments to Cook continued in Canada and Australia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 July 2021 
|title=Capt. James Cook Statue Recovered from Victoria Harbour; What's Next is Undecided
 |url=https://www.timescolonist.com/news/local/capt-james-cook-statue-recovered-from-victoria-harbour-what-s-next-is-undecided-1.24337872 |url-status=live
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210703145332/https://www.timescolonist.com/news/local/capt-james-cook-statue-recovered-from-victoria-harbour-what-s-next-is-undecided-1.24337872 
|archive-date=3 July 2021
 |access-date=4 July 2021
 |website=Times Colonist}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
 |url=https://www.heraldsun.com.au/truecrimeaustralia/police-courts-victoria/captain-cook-statue-cut-down-on-eve-of-australia-day/news-story/aa6aa1f84cf25bc70dab5765d42a9031?amp&nk=89c859e6bc39eb7b8000c7309289cfd8-1706162324 
|last=Ellis 
|first=Fergus 
|title=Captain Cook Statue Cut Down on Eve of Australia Day, Vandals Brazenly Share Footage
 |work=Herald Sun
 |date=25 January 2024 |access-date=26 January 2024}}</ref><ref name="Sum 2024" /><ref>{{cite news |date=25 January 2024 
|title=Melbourne Statues of Queen Victoria and Captain Cook Vandalised on Australia Day Eve
 |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-01-25/melbourne-captain-cook-queen-victoria-statues-vandalised/103386996 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125000119/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-01-25/melbourne-captain-cook-queen-victoria-statues-vandalised/103386996 |archive-date=25 January 2024 |access-date=25 January 2024 |work=[[ABC News Online]]}}</ref>

Alice Proctor argues that the controversies over public representations of Cook and the display of Indigenous artefacts from his voyages are part of a broader debate over the [[Indigenous decolonization|decolonisation]] of museums and public spaces and resistance to colonialist narratives.<ref name=AlProc>{{cite book |last=Proctor |first=Alice |title=The Whole Picture |publisher=Cassell |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-78840-155-5 |pages=243, 255–62}} Chapters 11 and 12 are most relevant to Cook.</ref> A number of commentators argue that Cook enabled British imperialism and colonialism in the Pacific.<ref name="Daley 2020" /><ref name=AlProc/><ref>{{Cite web 
|last=Gapps 
|first=Stephen 
|date=28 April 2020 
|title=Make No Mistake: Cook's Voyages were Part of a Military Mission to Conquer and Expand
 |url=https://theconversation.com/make-no-mistake-cooks-voyages-were-part-of-a-military-mission-to-conquer-and-expand-134404
 |access-date=8 April 2024
 |website=The Conversation
}}</ref>{{sfn|Thomas|2003|p=xxxiii}}{{efn|[[Geoffrey Blainey]] notes that Banks promoted Botany Bay as a site for colonisation after Cook's death.{{sfn|Blainey|2020|p=287}} }} [[Robert Tombs]] has defended Cook, arguing: "He epitomized the [[Age of Enlightenment]] in which he lived" and in conducting his first voyage "was carrying out an enlightened mission, with instructions from the Royal Society to show 'patience and forbearance' towards native peoples".<ref>{{cite news
|last=Tombs 
|first=Robert 
|author-link=Robert Tombs
|date=4 February 2021
 |title=Captain Cook Wasn't a 'Genocidal' Villain. He Was a True Enlightenment Man 
|work=The Telegraph
 |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/opinion/2021/02/04/captain-cook-wasnt-genocidal-villain-true-enlightenment-man/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/opinion/2021/02/04/captain-cook-wasnt-genocidal-villain-true-enlightenment-man/ |archive-date=10 January 2022 
|url-access=subscription
 |url-status=live 
|access-date=9 December 2021 |issn=0307-1235}}{{cbignore}}</ref>