Editing Javanese script (section)

=== Numbers ===
Javanese script has its own numerals ({{langx|jv|{{Script|Java|ꦲꦁꦏ}}|angka}}) that behave similarly to [[Arabic numeral]]s. Some of their forms closely resemble other Javanese characters. For instance, the numeral 1 {{angbr|꧑}} resembles the ''wyanjana'' character ga {{angbr|ꦒ}}, and the numeral 8 {{angbr|꧘}} resembles the ''murda'' character pa {{angbr|ꦦ}}. To avoid confusion, numerals that are used in the middle of sentences must be surrounded by ''pada pangkat'' {{angbr|{{Script|Java|꧇  ꧇}}}} or ''pada lingsa'' {{angbr|{{Script|Java|꧈ ꧈}}}}.{{sfn|Everson|2008|pp=4}}{{sfn|Darusuprapta|2002|pp=44-45}} For example, ''tanggal 17 Juni'' ("the date 17 June") is written{{br}}
{{Script|Java|{{resize|120%|ꦠꦁꦒꦭ꧀{{color|deeppink|꧇}}꧑꧗{{color|deeppink|꧇}}ꦗꦸꦤꦶ}}}}{{br}}or{{br}} {{Script|Java|{{resize|120%|ꦠꦁꦒꦭ꧀{{color|deeppink|꧈}}꧑꧗{{color|deeppink|꧈}}ꦗꦸꦤꦶ}}}}.

These enclosures can be omitted when the numeral's function is clear from context, such as page numbers in the corner of a page. The forms are as follows:
{{sfn|Everson|2008|pp=4}}{{sfn|Darusuprapta|2002|pp=44-45}}
{| class="wikitable letters-lo letters-violet"
|+''Angka''
|- 
|{{letter|s=Java|ch=꧐|top=0}}
|{{letter|s=Java|ch=꧑|top=1}}
|{{letter|s=Java|ch=꧒|top=2}}
|{{letter|s=Java|ch=꧓|top=3}}
|{{letter|s=Java|ch=꧔|top=4}}
|{{letter|s=Java|ch=꧕|top=5}}
|{{letter|s=Java|ch=꧖|top=6}}
|{{letter|s=Java|ch=꧗|top=7}}
|{{letter|s=Java|ch=꧘|top=8}}
|{{letter|s=Java|ch=꧙|top=9}}
|}

==== Punctuation ====
Traditional Javanese text is written without spaces between words (''[[scriptio continua]]'') and uses a set of punctuation marks known as ''pada'' (ꦥꦢ). To separate sentences, Javanese script employs ''pada lungsi'' (꧉) when the last syllable is open (without a ''pangkon'') but uses ''pada lingsa'' (꧈) when the last syllable is closed (using a ''pangkon''). Conversely, to separate clauses, ''pada lingsa'' (꧈) is used if the last syllable is closed, while a space is used if the last syllable is open. This punctuation system differs from the use of periods and commas in Latin script and is often not well understood by contemporary Javanese script users. 

Additionally, Javanese script lacks equivalents for [[Question mark|question marks]], [[Exclamation mark|exclamation marks]], [[Hyphen|hyphens]], mathematical symbols (including slashes), and [[Semicolon|semicolons]]. Consequently, whether a sentence in Javanese script is interrogative (question) or imperative (command) can only be inferred from the context. The various forms of ''pada'' are as follows:
{| class="wikitable letters-tall letters-violet" 
|+ Common punctuation
|-
|{{letter|s=Java|ch=꧈|note=lingsa}}
|{{letter|s=Java|ch=꧉|note=lungsi}}
|{{letter|s=Java|ch=꧊|note=adeg}}
|{{letter|s=Java|ch=꧋|note=adeg-adeg}}
|{{letter|s=Java|ch=꧌...꧍|note=pisélèh}}
|{{letter|s=Java|ch=꧁...꧂|note=rerenggan}}
|{{letter|s=Java|ch=꧇|note=pangkat}}
|{{letter|s=Java|ch=ꧏ|note=rangkap}}
|}
In modern teaching, the most commonly used punctuation marks in Javanese script are ''pada adeg-adeg'', ''pada lingsa'', and ''pada lungsi'', which function similarly to a paragraph mark (like a [[pilcrow]]), a [[comma]], and a [[full stop]], respectively. ''Pada adeg-adeg'' opens a paragraph, ''pada lingsa'' separates clauses or sentences and ''pada lungsi'' ends a sentence. Other punctuation marks include ''pada adeg'' and ''pada pisèlèh'', which are used to enclose inserts in the text, similar to [[parentheses]] or [[quotation marks]]. ''Pada pangkat'' functions similarly to a [[Colon (punctuation)|colon]]. ''Pada rangkap'' is sometimes used as a repetition marker, similar to the use of the number "2" in informal Indonesian (e.g. kata-kata ꦏꦠꦏꦠ → ꦏꦠꧏ = kata2).{{sfn|Everson|2008|pp=4-5}}

Some punctuation marks, like ''rerenggan'', have no direct Latin script equivalents and are often purely decorative. They are frequently used to frame titles or sections of text, with considerable variation among writers. In correspondence, certain punctuation marks indicate the sender’s social status. ''Pada andhap'' denotes low status, ''pada madya'' denotes middle status, ''pada luhur'' denotes high status, and ''pada guru'' is neutral, without social connotations. ''Pada pancak'' is used to end a letter. However, these distinctions are generalized. The actual forms and functions of these punctuation marks are highly variable, with specific regional and personal styles.{{sfn|Everson|2008|pp=4-5}}

In traditional manuscripts, some royal scribes used specific correction marks instead of crossing out errors. ''Tirta tumétès'' is found in Yogyakarta manuscripts, while ''isèn-isèn'' is found in Surakarta manuscripts.{{sfn|Everson|2008|pp=5}}

==== ''Pepadan'' ====
Aside from regular punctuation, one of the distinctive features in Javanese script writing is ''pepadan'' (ꦥꦼꦥꦢꦤ꧀), a series of highly ornate verse marks.

Behrend (1996) categorizes ''pepadan'' into two general groups: small ''pada'', which are single punctuation marks, and large ''pada'', which are often composed of several marks arranged in a sequence. Small ''pada'' are used to indicate stanza breaks, typically appearing every 32 to 48 syllables depending on the meter used. Large ''pada'' mark a change in ''[[Javanese poetry|tembang]]'', or ''canto'', and usually appear every 5 to 10 pages, depending on the structure of the text.{{sfn|Behrend|1996|pp=188}} Javanese writing guides often identify three types of large pada ''purwa pada'' used at the beginning of the first ''tembang'', ''madya pada''  used at ''tembang'' transitions, and ''wasana pada'' used at the end of the text.{{sfn|Everson|2008|pp=4-5}}  However, these three marks are often merged and treated as one in many Javanese texts.{{sfn|Behrend|1996|pp=190}}
{|class="wikitable letters-table letters-violet letters-lo letters-right"
|+Pepadan 
|-
|{{letter|ch=꧅ ꦧ꧀ꦖ ꧅|note=purwa pada}}
|{{letter|ch=꧅ ꦟ꧀ꦢꦿ ꧅|note=madya pada}}
|{{letter|ch=꧅ ꦆ ꧅|note=wasana pada}}
|}

''Pepadan'' is a visually prominent element in Javanese manuscripts and may be rendered in color or even gilded.{{sfn|Behrend|1996|pp=189-190}} In some luxurious manuscripts, the form of pepadan can even serve as a clue to the song being used; for instance, pepadan featuring wings or crow-like birds (dhandhang in Javanese) refers to the ''dhandhanggula'' tembang, while those featuring goldfish allude to the ''maskumambang''  ("gold floating in water") tembang. One of the key centers for producing manuscripts with exceptional pepadan designs was the [[scriptorium]] of [[Pakualaman]] in Yogyakarta.{{sfn|Behrend|1996|pp=190}}<ref>{{cite book|title=Naskah-naskah Skriptorium Pakualaman|first=Sri Ratna|last=Saktimulya|publisher=Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia|place=Jakarta|year=2016|isbn=978-6024242282}}</ref>

{{gallery
|File:Pepadan from serat jayalengkara 9r.jpg
|Pepadan from Serat, minor pada {{Script|Java|꧅}}
|File:Pepadan from babad mataram 10r.jpg
|Pepadan from Babad Mataram, minor pada {{Script|Java|꧅}}
|File:Pepadan from serat jayalengkara 24r.jpg
|Pepadan from Serat Jayalengkara, major pada {{Script|Java|꧅ ꦧ꧀ꦖ ꧅}}
|File:Pepadan_from_serat_selarasa_44r.jpg
|Pepadan from serat selarasa, major pada {{Script|Java|꧅ ꦧ꧀ꦖ ꧅}}
|File:Pepadan from jatikusuma 50v.jpg
|File:Pepadan from jatikusuma, major pada {{Script|Java|꧅ ꦧ꧀ꦖ ꧅}}
}}