Editing Language interpretation (section)

=== Sign language ===
{{see also|ASL interpreting|Machine translation of sign languages}}
[[File:2007Taipei101RunUp_PressConference_SignLanguageInterpreter_Host.jpg|thumb|The hostess (in red) and a [[sign language]] interpreter at a press conference in Taipei, 2007]]
[[File:Interp.jpg|thumb|Two sign language interpreters working for a school, 2007]]

A sign language interpreter conveys messages between combinations of spoken and signed languages and manual systems. This may be between deaf signers and hearing nonsigners, or among users of different signed languages and manual systems.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia| last = Bontempo| first = Karen| editor-last1 = Mikkelson| editor-first1 = Holly| editor-last2 = Jourdenais| editor-first2 = Renée| title = Signed Language Interpreting| encyclopedia = The Routledge Handbook of Interpreting| pages = 112–128| publisher = Taylor & Francis| location = London| date = 2015| url = }}</ref><ref>Ingram, Robert M. (1974). "A Communication Model of the Interpreting Process." ''Journal of Rehabilitation of the Deaf 7:3'' (Jan.), 3-9.</ref> This may be done in simultaneous or consecutive modes, or as sight translation from printed text.

Interpreters may be hearing, hard of hearing, or [[deaf culture|deaf]], and work in teams of any combination, depending upon the circumstance or audience. Historically, [[deaf culture|deaf]] interpreters or DIs work with [[Deafblindness|DeafBlind]] people who use either close vision or [[Protactile]] signing, deaf people with nonstandard, emerging, or idiolect language varieties, affinity or cultural groups within the Deaf community, minors, immigrants of a different signed language, users of a minority signed language, participants in medical, carceral, or legal matters, and persons with cognitive or intellectual disabilities.<ref>{{Citation | last1 = Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf, Inc. Professional Standards Committee | contribution = Use of a Certified Deaf Interpreter| title = Standard Practice Paper | date = August 1997}}</ref> DIs may work in relay teams with hearing interpreters, from a teleprompter, or with another DI to access the source language. DIs are commonly the member of the team visible on camera or on stage at televised, recorded, or public events.

Interpreters can be formally trained in postsecondary programs and receive a certificate, associates, bachelors, masters, or doctoral degree.<ref>{{cite web | title =Find ASL Interpreter Education Program | url =https://myaccount.rid.org/Public/Search/Organization.aspx | website = Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf, Inc.| access-date=2023-04-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title =Approved Courses for BSL Interpreters | url =http://www.nrcpd.org.uk/approved-courses | website = NRCPD| access-date=2023-04-13}}</ref> In some circumstances, lay interpreters take an experiential route through churches, families, and social networks. Formal interpreter education practices are largely the product of twentieth-century developments.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ball |first=Carolyn |date=2013 |title=Legacies and legends: History of Interpreter Education from 1800–21st Century |publisher=Interpreting Consolidated}}</ref>

In the United States, [[ASL interpreting|Sign Language interpreters]] have national- and some states have state-level certifications. The [[Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf]] (RID), a non-profit organization, is known for its national recognition and certification process. In addition to training requirements and stringent certification testing, RID members must abide by a Code of Professional Conduct, Grievance Process and Continuing Education Requirement. There are many interpreter-training programs in the U.S. The Collegiate Commission on Interpreter Education is the body that accredits Interpreter Preparation Programs. A list of accredited programs can be found on the CCIE web site.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ccie-accreditation.org/accredited-programs/|title=Accredited Programs|website=Commission On Collegiate Interpreter Education|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629183633/http://ccie-accreditation.org/accredited-programs/|archive-date=2017-06-29|access-date=2017-09-29}}</ref>

Some countries have more than one national association due to regional or language differences.<ref>{{cite book | last = de Wit| first = Maya | title = Comprehensive Guide to Sign Language Interpreting in Europe | date = 2016 | publisher = M. de Wit | isbn = 978-90-806571-6-8}}</ref> National associations can become members of the umbrella organizations, the [[World Association of Sign Language Interpreters]]<ref>{{cite web| title=Current National Members| url=https://wasli.org/wasli-national-members| website=wasli.org| access-date=2023-04-11}}</ref> or the European Forum of Sign Language Interpreters (efsli).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://efsli.org/about.php|title=About efsli...|website=efsli.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120902012017/http://www.efsli.org/about.php|archive-date=2012-09-02|url-status=dead|access-date=2012-08-31}}</ref> In Canada, the professional association that recognizes and nationally certifies sign language interpreters is the [[Association of Visual Language Interpreters of Canada]] (AVLIC). Under AVLIC holds several affiliate chapters representing a specified region of Canada.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.avlic.ca/|title=Welcome to AVLIC|website=www.avlic.ca|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170924074853/http://www.avlic.ca/|archive-date=2017-09-24|access-date=2017-09-29}}</ref>

Sign language interpreters encounter a number of linguistic, environmental, interpersonal and intrapersonal factors that can have an effect on their ability to provide accurate interpretation. Studies have found that most interpreter training programs do not sufficiently prepare students for the highly variable day-to-day stresses that an interpreter must manage, and there is an ongoing conversation in the interpreting field as to how to appropriately prepare students for the challenges of the job. Proposed changes include having a more robust definition of what a qualified interpreter should know, as well as a post-graduate internship structure that would allow new interpreters to work with the benefit of supervision from more experienced interpreters, much like the programs in place in medicine, law enforcement, etc.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dean|first=Robyn, Robert Q Pollard|date=January 2001|url= https://hongkongtranslators.com/en/application-of-demand-control-theory-to-sign-language-interpreting-implications-for-stress-and-interpreter-training/|title=Application of Demand-Control Theory to Sign Language Interpreting: Implications for Stress and Interpreter Training|journal=The Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education|volume= 6| issue = 1|pages=1–14|doi=10.1093/deafed/6.1.1|pmid=15451859|doi-access=free}}</ref>

In Israel, Naama Weiss, a board member of Malach, the Organization of the Israeli Sign Language Interpreters,<ref>{{Cite web|author=Malach|url=http://malachisrael.wixsite.com/home/about-us|title=About the organization|website=Malach|language=he|access-date=2018-12-21}}</ref> advertised a video which she produced. It was her paraphrase of the video ''So-Low'',<ref>{{Cite web|author=Itay Zvolon-Marzipan|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qpB9ruSD2Uc| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211117/qpB9ruSD2Uc| archive-date=2021-11-17 | url-status=live|title=So-Low Haifa 2018|website=[[YouTube]]|language=he|publisher=Length 3:25 minutes|date=2018-10-23|access-date=2018-12-21}}{{cbignore}}</ref> and showed her viewpoint upon the Israeli Sign Language interpreters' jobs.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Naama Weiss|url=https://www.facebook.com/naama.weiss.1/posts/10156063065900197|title=So-Low Sign Language Interpreters|website=[[Facebook]]|language=he|publisher=Length 3:38 minutes|quote=Do not touch my shoulder; I know [[Yonit Levi]]; I do not have friends in the community, just customers; I erased my phone book, to make room for new customers; I will not be spoken to at the end of the interpretations; Let us say I do not have forms; I am madness; I can not stand the interpretation of meetings.|date=2018-12-18|access-date=2018-12-21}}</ref> A study which was made in Finland found that, in comparison to the foreign language teachers and non-linguistic experts, a high cooperativeness was found to be more characteristic to simultaneous and consecutive interpreters,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hiltunen|first1=Sinikka|last2=Mäntyranta|first2=Heli|last3=Määttänen|first3=Ilmari|date=2018-08-06|title=Cooperativeness – A necessary trait for interpreters?|journal=International Journal of Bilingualism|pages=136700691879080|name-list-style=vanc|doi=10.1177/1367006918790808|hdl=10138/311610|s2cid=149880289 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> and Weiss showed it in her video, although she claimed to be comic.<ref>Weiss reaction on December 22, 2018, was that her video was comic.</ref>

The [[World Federation of the Deaf]] asserts that computer-generated signing avatars "do not surpass the natural quality and skill provided by appropriately trained and qualified interpreters," and approves their application only "for pre-recorded static customer information, for example, in hotels or train stations".<ref>{{cite report |author1=World Federation of the Deaf |author-link=World Federation of the Deaf |author2=World Association of Sign Language Interpreters |author2-link=World Association of Sign Language Interpreters |date=14 March 2018 |title=WFD and WASLI Statement on Use of Signing Avatars  |url=https://wfdeaf.org/news/resources/wfd-wasli-statement-use-signing-avatars/ |page=2 |access-date=22 September 2020}}</ref> The WFD statement concedes to such a project only if "deaf people have been involved in advising," and it does not intend to replace human interpreters. Quality and naturalness of movements are closely critiqued by sign-fluent viewers, particularly those who began signing at a younger age.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Quandt |first1=Lorna |last2=Willis |first2=Athena |last3=Schwenk |first3=Melody|last4=Weeks |first4=Kaitlyln |last5=Ferster |first5=Ruthie |date=February 2022 |title=Assessing the deaf user perspective on sign language avatars |journal=Frontiers in Psychology |volume=13 |pages=13:730917 |doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2022.730917 |pmid=35222173 |pmc=8866438 |doi-access=free}}</ref>