Editing Linus Pauling (section)

== Personal life ==
[[File:Linus Pauling family 1954.jpg|thumb|300px|The Pauling children at a gathering in celebration of the 1954 Nobel Prizes in Stockholm, Sweden. Seated from left: Linus Pauling, Jr., Peter Pauling and Linda Pauling. Standing from left: an unidentified person, and Crellin Pauling]]
Pauling married [[Ava Helen Pauling|Ava Helen Miller]] on June 17, 1923. The marriage lasted until her death in 1981. They had four children.<ref name="family">{{Cite web |date=n.d. |title=The Linus Pauling Papers: Biographical Information |url=https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/ps/retrieve/Narrative/MM/p-nid/53 |access-date=November 10, 2011 |publisher=United States National Library of Medicine}}</ref> Linus Carl Jr. (1925–2023) became a [[psychiatry|psychiatrist]];<ref>{{cite news|title=Dr. Linus Carl Pauling Jr. Obituary|newspaper=Honolulu Star-Advertiser|date=November 5, 2023|url=https://hawaiiobituaries.com/us/obituaries/hawaiiobituaries/name/linus-pauling-obituary?id=53515681}}</ref> Peter (1931–2003) a [[crystallography|crystallographer]] at [[University College London]];<ref>{{cite book|chapter=Chapter 17. ''Peter Pauling'' by Matt McConnell|pages=203–240|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=twuhEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA203 | title=Visions of Linus Pauling | isbn=978-981-12-6077-3 | editor=Petersen, Christoffer Eric | date=11 October 2022 | publisher=World Scientific }}</ref> Edward Crellin (1937–1997) a [[biologist]];<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reed.edu/reed-magazine/in-memoriam/obituaries/november1997/e-crellin-pauling-1959.html |title=Obituary. E. Crellin Pauling '59 |date=November 1997|website=Reed Magazine, Reed College}}</ref> and Linda Helen (born 1932) married noted Caltech geologist and glaciologist [[Barclay Kamb]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Linus Pauling Biography |url=http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/lpbio/lpbio2.html |access-date=November 10, 2011 |publisher=Linus Pauling Institute}}</ref>

Pauling was raised as a member of the [[Lutheran]] Church,<ref name="AIPOralHistory">{{Cite web |title=Oral history interview with Linus Carl Pauling, 1964 March 27 |url=http://www.aip.org/history/ohilist/3448.html |access-date=May 27, 2015 |website=American Institute of Physics |archive-date=2014-08-06  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140806110327/http://www.aip.org/history/ohilist/3448.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> but later joined the [[Unitarian Universalist]] Church.<ref name="UUBio">{{Cite web |title=Linus Pauling |url=http://uudb.org/articles/linuspauling.html |access-date=May 27, 2015 |website=Dictionary of Unitarian & Universalist Biography |archive-date=2018-10-16  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016165013/http://uudb.org/articles/linuspauling.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Two years before his death, in a published dialogue with Buddhist philosopher [[Daisaku Ikeda]], Pauling publicly declared his [[atheism]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Pauling |first1=Linus |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780867202786/page/22 |title=A Lifelong Quest for Peace: A Dialogue |last2=Ikeda |first2=Daisaku |publisher=Jones & Bartlett |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-86720-277-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780867202786/page/22 22] |quote=...I [Pauling] am not, however, militant in my atheism. The great English theoretical physicist Paul Dirac is a militant atheist. I suppose he is interested in arguing about the existence of God. I am not. It was once quipped that there is no God and Dirac is his prophet.}}</ref>

On January 30, 1960, Pauling and his wife were using a cabin about {{convert|80|mi|km}} south of [[Monterey, California|Monterey]], California, and he decided to go for a walk on a coastal trail.  He got lost and tried to climb the rocky cliff, but reached a large overhanging rock about {{convert|300|ft|m|sigfig=1}} above the ocean.  He decided it was safest to stay there, and meanwhile he was reported missing.  He spent a sleepless night on the cliff before being found after almost 24 hours.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 1, 1960 |title=Dr. Pauling Rescued, On a Sea Cliff 24 Hrs |url=http://scarc.library.oregonstate.edu/coll/pauling/peace/newsclips/1960n.5.html |access-date=April 22, 2018 |website=scarc.library.oregonstate.edu |publisher=New York Herald Tribune |location=Special Collections & Archives Research Center, Oregon State University Libraries |format=clipping}}</ref>

===Death and legacy===

Pauling died of [[prostate cancer]] on August 19, 1994, at 19:20 at home in [[Big Sur]], California.<ref name="Offit" /> He was 93 years old.<ref>Goertzel and Goertzel, p. 247.</ref> A grave marker for Pauling was placed in Oswego Pioneer Cemetery in [[Lake Oswego, Oregon|Lake Oswego]], Oregon by his sister Pauline, but Pauling's ashes, along with those of his wife, were not buried there until 2005.<ref name="grave">{{Cite web |title=The Centennial: Who's Buried in Linus Pauling's Grave? |url=http://www.ci.oswego.or.us/sites/default/files/fileattachments/publicaffairs/webpage/13678/centennial_july2010.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.ci.oswego.or.us/sites/default/files/fileattachments/publicaffairs/webpage/13678/centennial_july2010.pdf |archive-date=October 9, 2022 |url-status=live |access-date=December 26, 2012}}</ref>

Pauling's discoveries led to decisive contributions in a  diverse array of areas including around 350 publications in the fields of quantum mechanics, inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry, protein structure, molecular biology, and medicine.<ref name="California">{{Cite web |title=Linus Pauling |url=http://www.californiamuseum.org/inductee/linus-pauling |access-date=June 1, 2015 |website=California Museum|date=February 17, 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Linus Pauling – Biographical |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1954/pauling-bio.html |access-date=October 6, 2016 |website=Nobelprize.org |publisher=Nobel Media AB 2014}}</ref>

His work on chemical bonding marks him as one of the founders of modern [[quantum chemistry]].<ref name="natureobit" /> ''The Nature of the Chemical Bond'' was the standard work for many years,<ref name="Hamilton">{{Cite book |last=Hamilton |first=Neil A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tKxOpAh78IsC&pg=PA303 |title=American social leaders and activists |date=2002 |publisher=Facts On File |isbn=978-0-8160-4535-8 |location=New York |access-date=June 1, 2015}}</ref> and concepts like [[Orbital hybridisation|hybridization]] and [[electronegativity]] remain part of standard chemistry textbooks. While his [[valence bond]] approach fell short of accounting quantitatively for some of the characteristics of molecules, such as the color of [[organometallic]] complexes, and would later be eclipsed by the [[molecular orbital theory]] of [[Robert Mulliken]], valence bond theory still competes, in its modern form, with molecular orbital theory and [[density functional theory]] (DFT) as a way of describing chemical phenomena.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hoffmann |first1=Roald |last2=Shaik |first2=Sason |last3=Hiberty |first3=Philippe C. |year=2003 |title=A Conversation on VB vs MO Theory: A Never-Ending Rivalry? |journal=[[Accounts of Chemical Research|Acc Chem Res]] |volume=36 |issue=10 |pages=750–6 |doi=10.1021/ar030162a |pmid=14567708}}</ref> Pauling's work on crystal structure contributed significantly to the prediction and elucidation of the structures of complex minerals and compounds.<ref name=Marinacci/>{{rp|80–81}} His discovery of the alpha helix and beta sheet is a fundamental foundation for the study of protein structure.<ref name="Goertzel and Goertzel, p. 95-100" />

[[Francis Crick]] acknowledged Pauling as the "father of [[molecular biology]]".<ref name="natureobit" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=March 1, 1986 |title=Pauling Honored by Scientists at Caltech Event |work=Los Angeles Times |agency=United Press International |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-03-01-me-13101-story.html |access-date=July 22, 2012}}</ref> His discovery of [[sickle cell anemia]] as a "molecular disease" opened the way toward examining genetically acquired mutations at a molecular level.<ref name=Strasser/>

Pauling's 1951 publication with Robert B. Corey and H. R. Branson, "The Structure of Proteins: Two Hydrogen-Bonded Helical Configurations of the Polypeptide Chain," was a key early finding in the then newly emerging field of molecular biology. This publication was honored by a Citation for Chemical Breakthrough Award from the Division of History of Chemistry of the American Chemical Society presented to the department of chemistry, Caltech, in 2017.<ref name="breakthrough">{{Cite web |title=Citations for Chemical Breakthrough Awards 2017 Awardees |url=http://www.scs.illinois.edu/~mainzv/HIST/awards/CCB-2017_Awardees.php |access-date=March 12, 2018 |website=Division of the History of Chemistry}}</ref><ref name="configurations">{{Cite journal |last1=Pauling |first1=L. |last2=Corey |first2=R. B. |last3=Branson |first3=H. R. |author3-link=Herman Branson |year=1951 |title=The structure of proteins: Two hydrogen-bonded helical configurations of the polypeptide chain |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=205–11 |bibcode=1951PNAS...37..205P |doi=10.1073/pnas.37.4.205 |pmc=1063337 |pmid=14816373 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

===Commemorations ===
Oregon State University completed construction of the $77 million, {{convert|100,000|sqft|m2|adj=on}} Linus Pauling Science Center in the late 2000s, now housing the bulk of Oregon State's chemistry classrooms, labs, and instruments.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Linus Pauling Science Center {{!}} Department of Chemistry {{!}} Oregon State University |url=http://chemistry.oregonstate.edu/lpsc |access-date=November 10, 2016 |website=chemistry.oregonstate.edu}}</ref>

On March 6, 2008, the [[United States Postal Service]] released a 41 cent stamp honoring Pauling designed by artist [[Victor Stabin]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=March 6, 2008 |title=Four Legends of American Science Now on U.S. Postage Stamps |work=United States Postal Service Postal News, Release No. 08-23 |url=https://about.usps.com/news/national-releases/2008/sr08_023.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://about.usps.com/news/national-releases/2008/sr08_023.pdf |archive-date=October 9, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="stamp">{{Cite web |title=OSU Celebrates Linus Pauling and Release of New U.S. Postal Service Stamp |url=http://oregonstate.edu/events/stamp/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102050729/http://oregonstate.edu/events/stamp/ |archive-date=November 2, 2013 |access-date=February 25, 2015 |website=Oregon State University – University Events}}</ref> His description reads: "A remarkably versatile scientist, structural chemist Linus Pauling (1901–1994) won the 1954 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for determining the nature of the chemical bond linking atoms into molecules. His work in establishing the field of molecular biology; his studies of hemoglobin led to the classification of sickle cell anemia as a molecular disease."<ref name=Strasser/> The other scientists on this sheet of stamps included [[Gerty Cori]], biochemist, [[Edwin Hubble]], astronomer, and [[John Bardeen]], physicist.<ref name="stamp" />

California Governor [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]] and First Lady [[Maria Shriver]] announced on May 28, 2008, that Pauling would be inducted into the [[California Hall of Fame]], located at [[The California Museum for History, Women and the Arts]]. The induction ceremony took place December 15, 2008. Pauling's son Linus Jr. was asked to accept the honor in his place.<ref name="CA.gov">{{Cite web |title=Governor & First Lady Participate in 2008 CA Hall of Fame Induction Ceremony |url=http://gov.ca.gov/news.php?id=11255 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602035158/http://gov.ca.gov/news.php?id=11255 |archive-date=June 2, 2015 |access-date=June 1, 2015 |website=CA.gov}}</ref>

By proclamation of Gov. [[John Kitzhaber]] in the state of Oregon, February 28 has been named "Linus Pauling Day".<ref name=Notebooks/>  The Linus Pauling Institute still exists, but moved in 1996 from Palo Alto, California, to Corvallis, Oregon, where it is part of the Linus Pauling Science Center at [[Oregon State University]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Linus Pauling Institute |url=http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/ |access-date=June 25, 2013 |publisher=Lpi.oregonstate.edu}}</ref><ref name="CGT2011">{{Cite news |last=Cole |first=Gail |date=October 14, 2011 |title=Linus Pauling Science Center opens at OSU |work=Corvallis Gazette-Times |url=http://www.gazettetimes.com/news/local/linus-pauling-science-center-opens-at-osu/article_4f5a422e-f63a-11e0-af55-001cc4c03286.html |access-date=June 2, 2015}}</ref><ref name="OSUFoundation">{{Cite web |title=Linus Pauling Science Center – A Moment to Celebrate |url=http://osufoundation.org/fundraisingpriorities/facilities/lpsc/landing.htm |access-date=June 2, 2015 |website=Oregon State University Foundation |archive-date=2015-03-29  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150329075533/http://osufoundation.org/fundraisingpriorities/facilities/lpsc/landing.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[The Valley Library]] Special Collections at Oregon State University contain the Ava Helen and Linus Pauling Papers, including digitized versions of Pauling's forty-six research notebooks.<ref name="Notebooks">{{Cite web |title=Linus Pauling Research Notebooks Online |url=http://naturalscience.com/ns/news/news40.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905114549/http://naturalscience.com/ns/news/news40.html |archive-date=September 5, 2015 |access-date=June 1, 2015 |website=Natural Science }}</ref>

In 1986, Caltech commemorated Linus Pauling with a symposium and lectureship.<ref name="Zewail">{{Cite book |last=Zewail |first=Ahmed |author-link=Ahmed Zewail |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y3Y_4BjUj7gC&pg=PR13 |title=The Chemical Bond Structure and Dynamics |date=1992 |publisher=Elsevier Science |isbn=978-0-08-092669-8 |location=Burlington |access-date=June 1, 2015}}</ref> The Pauling Lecture series at Caltech began in 1989 with a lecture by Pauling himself.  The Caltech Chemistry Department renamed room 22 of Gates Hall the Linus Pauling Lecture Hall, since Pauling spent so much time there.<ref name="Baum">{{Cite journal |last=Baum |first=Rudy |date=December 11, 1989 |title=Caltech launches Linus Pauling lecture series |journal=Chemical & Engineering News |volume=67 |issue=50 |pages=18–19 |doi=10.1021/cen-v067n050.p018a}}</ref>

Other places named after Pauling include Pauling Street in Foothill Ranch, California;<ref name="Factory">{{Cite news |last=Johnson |first=Greg |date=March 20, 1996 |title=Pauling Road Address Fits New Vitamin Factory to a 'C' |work=Los Angeles Times |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1996-03-20-fi-49317-story.html |access-date=June 2, 2015}}</ref> Linus Pauling Drive in Hercules, California; Linus and Ava Helen Pauling Hall at [[Soka University of America]] in Aliso Viejo, California;<ref name="Gottlieb">{{Cite news |last=Gottlieb |first=Jeff |date=August 19, 2001 |title=A New-View University |work=Los Angeles Times |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-aug-19-me-35925-story.html |access-date=June 1, 2015}}</ref> Linus Pauling Middle School in Corvallis, Oregon;<ref name="Woodward">{{Cite news |last=Woodward |first=Raju |date=February 29, 2012 |title=A son's tribute by Linus Pauling Jr. |work=Corvallis Gazette-Times |url=http://www.gazettetimes.com/news/local/a-son-s-tribute-by-linus-pauling-jr/article_9d0f7d7a-627f-11e1-84bb-001871e3ce6c.html |access-date=June 1, 2015}}</ref> and [[Condon State Airport|Pauling Field]], a small airfield located in Condon, Oregon, where Pauling spent his youth.<ref name="Airport">{{Cite news |date=October 19, 1988 |title=Scientist cites Condon years as influential |work=Register-Guard, Eugene, Oregon |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1310&dat=19881019&id=8_JVAAAAIBAJ&pg=5043,4737376&hl=en |access-date=June 1, 2015}}</ref>  There is a psychedelic rock band in Houston, Texas, named [[The Linus Pauling Quartet]].<ref name="Heberlein">{{Cite book |last=Heberlein |first=L. A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5zV2XWD8q5sC&pg=PA81 |title=The Rough guide to internet radio |date=2002 |publisher=Rough Guides |isbn=978-1-85828-961-8 |location=London |access-date=June 1, 2015}}</ref>

The asteroid [[4674 Pauling]] in the inner asteroid belt, discovered by [[Eleanor F. Helin]], was named after Linus Pauling in 1991, on his 90th birthday.<ref name="Schmadel">{{Cite book |last=Schmadel |first=Lutz D. |author-link=Lutz D. Schmadel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aeAg1X7afOoC&pg=PA380 |title=Dictionary of minor planet names |date=2012 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-642-29718-2 |edition=6th |location=Berlin |access-date=June 1, 2015}}</ref>

[[Linus Torvalds]], developer of the [[Linux]] kernel, is named after Pauling.<ref name="moody">{{Cite book |last=Moody |first=Glyn |author-link=Glyn Moody |url=https://archive.org/details/rebelcodeinside000mood/page/336 |title=Rebel Code: Linux and the Open Source Revolution |publisher=Perseus Books Group |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-7382-0670-7 |page=[https://archive.org/details/rebelcodeinside000mood/page/336 336]}}</ref>

Nobel laureate [[Peter Agre]] has said that Linus Pauling inspired him.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Agre |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Agre |date=December 10, 2013 |title=Fifty Years Ago: Linus Pauling and the Belated Nobel Peace Prize |url=https://www.sciencediplomacy.org/sites/default/files/fifty_years_ago-linus_pauling_and_the_belated_nobel_prize_science__diplomacy.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140213004929/https://www.sciencediplomacy.org/letter-field/2013/fifty-years-ago-linus-pauling-and-belated-nobel-peace-prize |archive-date=February 13, 2014 |journal=[[Science & Diplomacy]] |volume=2 |issue=4}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

In 2010, [[Pacific Northwest National Laboratory]] named its distinguished postdoctoral program in his honor, as the Linus Pauling Distinguished Postdoctoral Fellowship Program.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pnnl.gov/projects/linus-pauling-distinguished-postdoctoral-fellowship|title=Linus Pauling Distinguished Postdoctoral Fellowship &#124; PNNL|website=www.pnnl.gov}}</ref>