Editing Lycian language (section)

=== Verbs ===
Just as in other Anatolian languages (Luwian, Lydian) verbs in Lycian were conjugated in the present-future and preterite tenses and in the imperative with three persons singular and plural. Some endings have many variants, due to [[nasalization]] (''-a- → -añ-, -ã-; -e- → -eñ-, -ẽ-''), [[lenition]] (''-t- → -d-''), [[gemination]] (''-t- → -tt-; -d- → -dd-''), and [[vowel harmony|vowel harmonization]] (''-a- → -e-'':  ''prñn'''a'''wãtẽ → prñn'''e'''wãtẽ'').

About a dozen [[grammatical conjugation|conjugations]] can be distinguished, on the basis of (1) the verbal root ending (''a''-stems, consonant stems, ''-ije''-stems, etc.), and (2) the endings of the third person singular being either unlenited (present ''-ti''; preterite ''-te''; imperative ''-tu'') or lenited (''-di''; ''-de''; ''-du''). For example, ''prñnawa-''<sup>(ti)</sup> (to build) is an unlenited ''a''-stem (''prñnawati'', he builds), ''a(i)-''<sup>(di)</sup> (to make) is a lenited ''a(i)''-stem (''adi'', he makes). Differences between the various conjugations are minor.

Verbs are conjugated as follows; Mediopassive ''(MP)'' forms <span style="color:#a06000;">are in brown</span>:<ref>Billings, Nils Oscar Paul. "Finite verb formation in Lycian" (thesis), Leiden 2019.</ref><ref name="sass2020">{{cite book |last1=Sasseville |first1=David |title=Anatolian Verbal Stem Formation: Luwian, Lycian and Lydian |date=2020 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden / Boston |isbn=9789004436282 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! width="20%" colspan=3 rowspan=2 |
! width="11%" | Active
! width="11%" | <span style="color:#a06000;">Mediopassive</span>
! width="11%" | ''prñnawa-''<sup>(ti)</sup> !! width="11%" | ''(t)ta-''<sup>(di)</sup> !! width="11%" | ''a(i)-''<sup>(di)</sup> !! width="11%" | ''(h)ha-''<sup>(ti)</sup> !! width="11%" | <span style="color:#a06000;">''si-''<sup>(?)</sup></span>
|-
! ending || <span style="color:#a06000;">ending</span>
! 'to build' || 'to put, place' || 'to make, do' || 'to release' || <span style="color:#a06000;">'to lie' (''MP'')</span>
|-
| rowspan="6" valign="top" | Present / <br />future || rowspan="3" valign="top" | Singular || 1 || align="center" | -u (-w) || align="center" | <span style="color:#a06000;">-xani, -xãni</span> ||  ||  ||  ||  || <span style="color:#a06000;">si'''xani'''</span>
|-
| 2 || align="center" | ? || align="center" | <span style="color:#a06000;">?</span> ||  ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
| 3 || align="center" | -di, -(t)ti, -i, -e || align="center" | <span style="color:#a06000;">-ẽni, -tẽni</span> || prñnawa'''ti''' || (t)ta'''di''' || a'''di''', '''edi''' || ha'''di''', ha'''ti''' || <span style="color:#a06000;">sij'''ẽni''', sij'''eni''', sit'''ẽni'''</span>
|-
| rowspan="3" valign="top" | Plural || 1 || align="center" | ? || align="center" | <span style="color:#a06000;">?</span> ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
| 2 || align="center" | (-tẽni ?) || align="center" | <span style="color:#a06000;">?</span> ||  ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
| 3 || align="center" | ~-ti, -(i)ti, -ñti || align="center" | <span style="color:#a06000;">~-tẽni (?)</span> ||  || t'''ãti''' (t'''ẽti''') || ai'''ti''' || (h)h'''ãti''', (h)ha'''ti''' || <span style="color:#a06000;">si'''tẽni''' (?)</span>
|-
| rowspan="4" valign="top" | Preterite || rowspan="2" valign="top" | Singular || 1 || align="center" | -(x)xa, -xã, -ga, -ax(a) || align="center" | <span style="color:#a06000;">-xagã, -xaga (?)</span> || prñnawa'''xã''', -wa'''xa''' || ta'''xa''' || a'''xa''', a'''ga''', a'''xã''', a'''gã'''; <br /><span style="color:#a06000;">(''MP:'') a'''xagã''', a'''xaga'''</span> ||  ||
|-
| 3 || align="center" | -tẽ, -(t)te, -dẽ, -de || align="center" | <span style="color:#a06000;">(-tte ?)</span> || prñnawa'''tẽ''', -wa'''te''' (-w'''etẽ''', -we'''te''') || ta'''dẽ''', ta'''de''' (te'''tẽ''' ?) || a'''dẽ'''. a'''de''' (e'''de''', a'''da''') || ha'''dẽ''', ha'''de''' ||
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | Plural || 1 || align="center" | ? || align="center" | <span style="color:#a06000;">?</span> ||  ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
| 3 || align="center" | ~-tẽ, -(i)tẽ, -(i)te, ~-te, -ñtẽ, -ñte || align="center" | <span style="color:#a06000;">?</span> || prñnaw'''ãtẽ''', -w'''ãte'''; prñn'''e'''w'''ãtẽ''' || t'''ete''' || ai'''tẽ''', ai'''te''' || h'''ãtẽ''', hã'''te''' ||
|-
| rowspan="5" valign="top" | Imperative || rowspan="3" valign="top" | Singular || 1 || align="center" | -lu (?)<ref name="lycb">Only attested in [[Milyan language|Lycian B]].</ref> || align="center" | <span style="color:#a06000;">?</span> || || || || ||
|-
| 2 || align="center" | -Ø<ref name="lycb" /> || align="center" | <span style="color:#a06000;">?</span> || || || || ||
|-
| 3 || align="center" | -(t)tu, -du, -u || align="center" | <span style="color:#a06000;">(-tẽnu ?)</span> ||  || ta'''tu''' ||  || ha'''du''' ||
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | Plural || 2 || align="center" | (-tẽnu ?) || align="center | <span style="color:#a06000;">(-tẽnu ?)</span> ||  ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
| 3 || align="center | ~-tu || align="center" | <span style="color:#a06000;">(~-tẽnu ?)</span> ||  || t'''ãtu''', ta'''tu''' ||  ||  ||
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | Participle Active <span style="color:#a06000;">(Passive?)</span> || colspan="2" | Singular || colspan="2" align="center" | -mi, ~-mi, -me, -ma ||  ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
| colspan="2" | Plural || colspan="2" align="center" | -mi ||  ||  || (''acc. neutr.:'') '''eim̃''' || <span style="color:#a06000;">(''accusative:'') h'''m̃mis'''</span> ||
|-
| colspan="3" | Infinitive || align="center | -ne, ~-ne, -na, ~-na || align="center" | <span style="color:#a06000;">?</span> ||  || (t)t'''ãne''', ta'''ne''', tt'''ãna''' ||  || ha'''ne''', hã'''ne''', hhã'''na''' ||
|}

A [[suffix]] -s- (cognate with Greek, Latin -/sk/-), appended to the stem and attested with half a dozen verbs, is thought to make a verb [[iterative]]:<ref name="didier" /><ref>Billings (2019), pp. 116-118.</ref>
: stem ''a(i)-'', 'to do, to make', ''s''-stem ''a'''s'''-''; (Preterite 3 Singular:) ''ade, adẽ'', 'he did, made', ''a'''s'''tte'', 'he always did, has made repeatedly';
: stem ''tuwe-'', 'to erect, place (upright)', ''s''-stem ''tu'''s'''-''; (Present/future 3 Plural:) ''tuwẽti'', 'they erect', ''tu'''s'''ñti '', 'they will erect repeatedly'.