Editing Magic lantern (section)

==Moving images==
[[File:1870 Plaque de lanterne magique a double systeme--c5620.jpg|thumb|Mice jump into the mouth of a sleeping bearded man on a popular mechanical slide from circa 1870.]]
The magic lantern was not only a direct ancestor of the motion picture projector as a means for visual storytelling, but it could itself be used to project moving images. Some suggestion of movement could be achieved by alternating between pictures of different phases of a motion, but most magic lantern "animations" used two glass slides projected together — one with the stationary part of the picture and the other with the part that could be set in motion by hand or by a simple mechanism.<ref name="Rossell2005"/>{{rp|689–699}}

Motion in animated slides was mostly limited to either two phases of a movement or transformation, or a more gradual singular movement (e.g., a train passing through a landscape). These limitations made subjects with repetitive movements popular, like the sails on a windmill turning around or children on a seesaw. Movements could be repeated over and over and could be performed at different speeds. A common technique that is comparable to the effect of a panning camera makes use of a long slide that is simply pulled slowly through the lantern and usually shows a landscape, sometimes with several phases of a story within the continuous backdrop.<ref name="Rossell2005"/>{{rp|689–699}}<ref>{{cite book|chapter=Natural Magic: A Short Cultural History of Moving Images|last=Huhtamo|first=Erkki|editor-first1=William |editor-last1=Guynn |title=The Routledge Companion to Film History|date=2010|publisher=Routledge|location=Milton Park, England|doi=10.4324/9780203841532|isbn=9781136899409 |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780203841532-7/natural-magic-short-cultural-history-moving-images-erkki-huhtamo?context=ubx&refId=6205e76c-c119-40d1-8866-ac0438aecb88}}</ref>{{rp|7}}

Movement of projected images was also possible by moving the magic lantern itself. This became a staple technique in [[phantasmagoria]] shows in the late 18th century, often with the lantern sliding on rails or riding on small wheels and hidden from the view of the audience behind the projection screen.<ref name="Rossell2005"/>{{rp|691}}

===History===
In 1645, Kircher had already suggested projecting live insects and shadow puppets from the surface of the mirror in his Steganographic system to perform dramatic scenes.<ref name=Gorman2007>{{cite book|url=https://www.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/Preprints/P333.PDF|page=44|title=Inside the Camera Obscura|first=Michael John|last=Gorman|year=2007}}</ref>

Christiaan Huygens' 1659 sketches (see above) suggest he intended to [[animation|animate]] the skeleton to have it take off its head and place it back on its neck. This can be seen as an indication that the very first magic lantern demonstrations may already have included projections of simple animations.<ref name=Rossell2005/>{{rp|687}}

In 1668, [[Robert Hooke]] wrote about the effects of a type of magic lantern installation: "Spectators not well versed in optics, that should see the various apparitions and disappearances, the motions, changes and actions that may this way be represented, would readily believe them to be supernatural and miraculous."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=92lnIw3oKGMC&q=It+produces+Effects+not+only+very+delightful,+but+to+such+as+know+the+contrivance,+very+wonderful;+so+that+Spectators,+not+well+versed+in+Opticks,&pg=PA269|title=The Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, from Their Commencement in 1665 to the Year 1800|date=22 May 2018|via=Google Books}}</ref> In the same year, [[Francesco Eschinardi]] published ''Centuriae opticae pars altera seu dialogi optici pars tertia'', which included a detailed description of the construction of the magic lantern.

In 1675, German polymath and philosopher [[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz]] proposed a kind of world exhibition that would show all types of new inventions and spectacles. In a handwritten document he supposed it should open and close with magic lantern shows, including subjects "which can be dismembered, to represent quite extraordinary and grotesque movements, which men would not be capable of making" (translated from French).<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.academia.edu/379115|title=Leibniz and the Lantern|first=Deac|last=Rossell|year=2002}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Dr%C3%B4le_de_Pens%C3%A9e,_touchant_une_nouvelle_sorte_de_repr%C3%A9sentations|year=1675|title=Drôle de Pensée, touchant une nouvelle sorte de représentations|author1=Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz |access-date=26 January 2017}}</ref>

Several reports of early magic lantern screenings possibly described moving pictures, but are not clear enough to conclude whether the viewers saw animated slides or motion depicted in still images.<ref name=Rossell2005/>

In 1698, German engraver and publisher [[Christoph Weigel the Elder|Johann Christoph Weigel]] described several lantern slides with mechanisms that made glass parts move over one fixed glass slide, for instance by the means of a silk thread, or grooves in which the mobile part slides.<ref>{{cite book|title=Light and Movement|last1=Mannoni|last2=Campagnoni|last3=Robinson|year=1995}}</ref>

By 1709 a German optician and glass grinder named Themme (or Temme) made moving lantern slides, including a carriage with rotating wheels, a cupid with a spinning wheel, a shooting gun, and falling bombs. Wheels were cut from the glass plate with a diamond and rotated by a thread that was spun around small brass wheels attached to the glass wheels. A paper slip mask would be quickly pulled away to reveal the red fiery discharge and the bullet from a shooting gun. [[Zacharias Conrad von Uffenbach]] visited Themme's shop and liked the effects, but was disappointed about the very simple mechanisms. Nonetheless, he bought seven moving slides, as well as twelve slides with four pictures each, which he thought were delicately painted.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZX5dAAAAcAAJ&q=zauber&pg=PA58|last=Von Uffenbach|title=Merkwürdige Reisen durch Niedersachsen, Holland und Engelland - Erster Theil|pages=62–63|year=1753|language=de}}</ref>

Several types of mechanical slides were described and illustrated in Dutch professor of mathematics, physics, philosophy, medicine, and astronomy [[Pieter van Musschenbroek]]'s second edition (1739) of ''Beginsels Der Natuurkunde'' (see illustration below).<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Js1WAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA627|title=Beginsels Der Natuurkunde|year=1739|last=Van Musschenbroek|first=Pieter|page=617+633}}</ref> Pieter was the brother of Jan van Musschenbroek, the maker of an outstanding magic lantern with excellent lenses and a diaphragm (see illustration above).<ref name=Rossell2005/>{{rp|688}}

In 1770, [[Edmé-Gilles Guyot]] described a method of using two slides for the depiction of a storm at sea, with waves on one slide and ships and a few clouds on another. Lanternists could project the illusion of mild waves turning into a wild sea tossing the ships around by increasing the movement of the separate slides. Guyot also detailed how projection on smoke could be used to create the illusion of ghosts hovering in the air, which would become a technique commonly used in [[phantasmagoria]].<ref name="Rossell2005">{{cite journal|last=Rossell|first=Deac|title=The Magic Lantern and Moving Images before 1800|journal=Barockberichte|date=2005|issue=40/41|url=https://www.salzburgmuseum.at/fileadmin/Salzburg_Museum/06_Service/Publikationen/03_Barockberichte/Pdfs_Barockberichte/BB_40_41/Rossell__Lantern.pdf}}</ref>{{rp|691}}

An especially intricate multiple rackwork mechanism was developed to show the movements of the planets (sometimes accompanied by revolving satellites) revolving around the Sun. In 1795, one M. Dicas offered an early magic lantern system, the Lucernal or Portable Eidouranian, that showed the orbiting planets. From around the 1820s mechanical astronomical slides became quite common.<ref name="The Magic Lantern Society p. 21-22">The Magic Lantern Society. ''Encyclopedia of the Magic Lantern''. p. 21-22</ref>

===Various types of mechanical slides===
[[File:1736 petrus van musschenbroek - mechanical slides.jpg|thumb|Mechanical slides for a magic lantern as illustrated in Petrus van Musschenbroek's ''Beginsels Der Natuurkunde'' (second edition 1739)]]
[[File:Lanterne magique Watson et Sons.jpg|thumb|A stereopticon magic lantern]]
Various types of mechanisms were commonly used to add movement to the projected image:
*'''slipping slides''': a movable glass plate with one or more figures (or any part of a picture for which movement was desired) was slipped over a stationary one, directly by hand or with a small drawbar (see: Fig. 7 on the illustration by Petrus van Musschenbroek: a tightrope walker sliding across the rope). A common example showed a creature that could move the pupils in its eyes, as if looking in all directions. A long piece of glass could show a procession of figures, or a train with several wagons. Quite convincing illusions of moving waves on a sea or lake have also been achieved with this method.<ref name=luikerbew1>{{cite web|title=Luikerwaal - Mechanical Slides |url=http://www.luikerwaal.com/newframe_uk.htm?/bewegend1_uk.htm|website=www.luikerwaal.com}}</ref>
*'''slipping slides with masking''': black paint on portions of the moving plate would mask parts of the underlying image — with a black background — on the stationary glass. This made it possible to hide and then reveal the previous position of a part, for instance a limb, to suggest repetitious movement. The suggested movement would be rather jerky and usually operated quickly. Masking in slides was also often used to create change rather than movement (see: Fig. 6 on the illustration by Petrus van Musschenbroek: a man, his wig and his hat): for instance a person's head could be replaced with that of an animal. More gradual and natural movement was also possible; for instance to make a nose grow very long by slowly moving a masking glass.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harris |first=Skylar |date=2020-02-17 |title=Early Animation: the Alexis du Pont Stereoviews and Lantern Slides Collection |url=https://www.hagley.org/librarynews/lex-du-pont-collection |access-date=2022-09-22 |website=Hagley Museum and Library |language=en}}</ref>
*'''lever slides''': the moving part was operated by a lever. These could show a more natural movement than slipping slides and were mostly used for repetitive movements, for instance a woodcutter raising and lowering his axe, or a girl on a swing.<ref name=luikerbew1/> (see: Fig. 5 on the illustration by Petrus van Musschenbroek: a drinking man raising and lowering his glass + Fig. 8: a lady curtsying)
*'''pulley slides''': a pulley rotates the moving part and could for instance be used to turn the sails on a windmill.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.luikerwaal.com/wipwaps01_uk.htm|title=Magic lantern - collection of moving magic lantern slides part 1.|website=www.luikerwaal.com}}</ref> (see: fig. 4 on illustration by Van Musschenbroek)
*'''rack and pinion slides''': turning the handle of a rackwork would rotate or lift the moving part and could for instance be used to turn the sails on a windmill or for having a hot air balloon take off and descend. A more complex astronomical rackwork slide showed the planets and their satellites orbiting around the sun.<ref name=luikerbew1/>
*'''fantoccini slides''': jointed figures set in motion by levers, thin rods, or cams and worm wheels. A popular version had a somersaulting monkey with arms attached to mechanism that made it tumble with dangling feet. Named after the Italian word for animated puppets, like marionettes or [[Jumping jack (toy)|jumping jacks]]. Two different British patents for slides with moving jointed figures were granted in 1891.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.luikerwaal.com/newframe_uk.htm?/fantoccini1_uk.htm|title=Fantoccini Slides|website=www.luikerwaal.com}}</ref>
*a snow effect slide can add snow to another slide (preferably of a winter scene) by moving a flexible loop of material pierced with tiny holes in front of one of the lenses of a double or triple lantern.<ref name="luikerwaal.com"/>

Mechanical slides with abstract special effects include:
[[File:Fantoccini-chromatrope.jpg|thumb|Slide with a fantoccini trapeze artist and a chromatrope border design ({{circa|1880}})]]
*the '''[[Chromatrope]]''': a slide that produces dazzling colorful geometrical patterns by rotating two painted glass discs in opposite directions, originally with a double pulley mechanism but later usually with a rackwork mechanism.<ref name=luikerbew1/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.luikerwaal.com/newframe_uk.htm?/chromatroop1_uk.htm|title=Chromatropes|website=www.luikerwaal.com}}</ref> It was possibly invented around 1844 by English glass painter and showman [[Henry Langdon Childe]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.the-saleroom.com/en-gb/auction-catalogues/special-auction-services/catalogue-id-srspe10161/lot-88a26628-af78-4e4f-87a3-a62c00b896a1|title=A rare and large Henry Langdon Childe Mahogany-Mounted and Brass Hand-Painted Chromatrope, pair o|website=www.the-saleroom.com|date=7 July 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Balzer |first=Richard |title=Dick Balzer's Website: Homepage |url=https://www.dickbalzer.com/index.php |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921101858/https://www.dickbalzer.com/index.php |archive-date=2018-09-21 |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=www.dickbalzer.com}}</ref> and soon added as a novelty to the program of the Royal Polytechnic Institution.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=irdHAQAAIAAJ&q=chromatrope&pg=PA1176|title=The Athenæum|date=21 December 1844}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YBZdAAAAcAAJ&q=chromatrope&pg=PA11|title=The Royal Polytechnic Institution ... Catalogue for 1841. New edition|date=29 September 1845|via=Google Books}}</ref>
*the '''Astrometeoroscope''' or Astrometroscope: a large slide that projected a lacework of dots forming constantly changing geometrical line patterns, compared with stars and meteors. It was invented in or before 1858 by the Hungarian engineer S. Pilcher and used a very ingenious mechanism with two metal plates obliquely crossed with slits that moved to and fro in contrary directions. Except for when the only known example was used in a performance, it was kept locked away at the Polytechnic so no one could discover the secret technique. When the Polytechnic auctioned the device, Picher eventually paid an extravagant price for his own invention to keep its workings secret.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924031248051|title=The book of lantern ; being a practical guide to the working of the optical (or magic) lantern ; with full and precise directions for making and colouring lantern pictures|first=Thomas Cradock|last=Hepworth|date=22 May 1888|publisher=London : Wyman & Sons|via=Internet Archive}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xiYynDew1pUC&q=astrometroscope&pg=PA168|title=Popular Educator a Complete Encyclopaedia of Elementary, Advanced, and Technical Education|date=22 May 2018|publisher=Cassell|via=Google Books}}</ref>
*the '''Eidotrope''': counter-rotating discs of perforated metal or card (or wire gauze or lace), producing swirling [[Moiré pattern|Moiré]] patterns of bright white dots. It was invented by English scientist [[Charles Wheatstone]] in 1866.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xk8xAAAAMAAJ&q=wheatstone+eidotrope|title=The Year-book of Facts in Science and Art|year=1867|last=Timbs|first=John}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.kingscollections.org/media/arc_cat/pdf/008739/KCLArchivesWheatstoneK_PP107_4_7.pdf|title=Extracts from the papers of Sir Charles Wheatstone|last=Wheatstone|first=Charles|year=1850–1875}}</ref>
*the '''Kaleidotrope''': a slide with a single perforated metal or cardboard disc suspended on a spiral spring. The holes can be tinted with colored pieces of gelatin. When struck the disc's vibration and rotation sends the colored dots of light swirling around in all sorts of shapes and patterns. The device was demonstrated at the Royal Polytechnic Institution around 1870 and dubbed "Kaleidotrope" when commercial versions were marketed.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TUw3AQAAMAAJ&q=kaleidotrope&pg=PA14|title=The Magic Lantern - Vol. 1. No. 2|date=October 1874}}</ref>
*the '''Cycloidotrope''' (circa 1865): a slide with an adjustable stylus bar for drawing geometric patterns on sooty glass when hand cranked during projection. The patterns are similar to that produced with a [[Spirograph]].<ref name="luikerwaal.com">{{cite web|title=Luikerwaal - Mechanical special effects slides|url=http://www.luikerwaal.com/newframe_uk.htm?/bijzeffecten1_uk.htm|website=www.luikerwaal.com}}</ref>
*a Newton colour wheel slide that, when spinning fast enough, blends seven colours into a white circle<ref name="luikerwaal.com"/>

===Dissolving views===
{{main|Dissolving views}}
[[File:Magiclantern.jpg|thumb|Advertisement with picture of a triple lantern / dissolving view apparatus (1886)]]
The effect of a gradual transition from one image to another, known as a [[Dissolve (filmmaking)|dissolve]] in modern filmmaking, became the basis of a popular type of magic lantern show in England in the 19th century. Typical dissolving views showed landscapes dissolving from day to night or from summer to winter. This was achieved by aligning the projection of two matching images and slowly diminishing the first image while introducing the second image.<ref name=luikerbew1/> The subject and the effect of magic lantern dissolving views is similar to the popular [[Diorama]] theatre paintings that originated in Paris in 1822. 19th century magic lantern broadsides often used the terms ''dissolving view'', ''dioramic view'', or simply ''diorama'' interchangeably.<ref name=HuhtamoReview/>

The effect was reportedly invented by phantasmagoria pioneer [[Paul de Philipsthal]] while in Ireland in 1803 or 1804. He thought of using two lanterns to make the spirit of Samuel appear out of a mist in his representation of the [[Witch of Endor]]. While working out the desired effect, he got the idea of using the technique with landscapes. An 1812 newspaper about a London performance indicates that De Philipsthal presented what was possibly a relatively early incarnation of a dissolving views show, describing it as "a series of landscapes (in imitation of moonlight), which insensibly change to various scenes producing a very magical effect."<ref name=Mirror1842>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LUMFAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA98|title=The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, And Instruction|page=98|year=1842}}</ref><ref name=Heard2006/>

Another possible inventor is [[Henry Langdon Childe]], who purportedly once worked for De Philipsthal.<ref name=Heard2006/> He is said to have invented the dissolving views in 1807, and to have improved and completed the technique in 1818.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MvBeAAAAcAAJ&q=%22henry+langdon+childe%22&pg=PA372|title=The Art-journal, New Series, Volume XIII|year=1874}}</ref> The oldest known use of the term "dissolving views" occurs on playbills for Childe's shows at the [[Adelphi Theatre]] in London in 1837.<ref name=HuhtamoReview/> Childe further popularized the dissolving views at the Royal Polytechnic Institution in the early 1840s.<ref name=Mirror1842/>

Despite later reports about the early invention, and apart from De Philipsthal's 1812 performance, no reports of dissolving view shows before the 1820s are known. Some cases may involve confusion with the Diorama or similar media. In 1826, Scottish magician and ventriloquist M. Henry introduced what he described as "beautiful dissolvent scenes", "imperceptibly changing views", "dissolvent views", and "Magic Views"—created "by Machinery invented by M. Henry." In 1827, Henry Langdon Childe presented "Scenic Views, showing the various effects of light and shade," with a series of subjects that became classics for the dissolving views. In December 1827, De Philipsthal returned with a show that included "various splendid views (...) transforming themselves imperceptibly (as if it were by Magic) from one form into another."<ref name=HuhtamoReview/><ref name=Heard2006/>

Biunial lanterns, with two projecting optical sets in one apparatus, were produced to more easily project dissolving views. Possibly the first horizontal biunial lantern, dubbed the "Biscenascope" was made by the optician Mr. Clarke and presented at the Royal Adelaide Gallery in London on 5 December 1840.<ref name=Mirror1842/> The earliest known illustration of a vertical biunial lantern, probably provided by E.G. Wood, appeared in the Horne & Thornthwaite catalogue in 1857.<ref name="The Magic Lantern Society p. 21-22"/> Later on triple lanterns enabled additional effects, for instance the effect of snow falling while a green landscape dissolves into a snowy winter version.<ref name="LivingPictures"/>{{Rp|13}}

A mechanical device could be fitted on the magic lantern, which locked up a diaphragm on the first slide slowly whilst a diaphragm on a second slide opened simultaneously.<ref name=Heard2006/>

Philip Carpenter's copper-plate printing process, introduced in 1823, may have made it much easier to create duplicate slides with printed outlines that could then be colored differently to create dissolving view slides.<ref name=Heard2006/> However, all early dissolving view slides seem to have been hand-painted.<ref name=HuhtamoReview>{{cite journal|title=Ghost Notes: Reading Mervyn Heard's Phantasmagoria. The Secret Life of the Magic Lantern|journal=The Magic Lantern Gazette|volume=18|issue=4|first=Erkki|last=Huhtamo|url=https://library.sdsu.edu/pdf/scua/ML_Gazette/MLGvol18no04.pdf}}</ref>

===Experiments===
There have been many different experiments involving sorts of movement with the magic lantern. These include:
*[[galvanometer]] slide: a flattened coil with a magnetized needle moving from side to side when a battery is connected.
*projection of moving frog legs, with the nerves and muscles of severed frog legs connected to electric wires.
*hour-glass projection: the projection of a flattened hourglass showed the sand flowing upwards. Extreme magnification made the effect extra impressive, with the grains of sand forming a wave-like pattern.
*cohesion figure projection of liquids: different oils and fats create many kinds of moving patterns when manipulated between clear glass plates or a narrow glass box.
Several of these experiments were publicly demonstrated at the [[University of Westminster#1837 to 1881: Royal Polytechnic Institution|Royal Polytechnic Institution]].<ref name=Hepworth1888>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/bookoflanternbei00hepwrich#page/170/mode/2up|last=Hepworth|title=The book of the lantern|first=T.C.|year=1888|pages=171–203}}</ref>

===Choreutoscope and phenakistiscope-type systems===
Versions of the magic lantern were used to project transparent variations of the [[phenakistoscope|phénakisticope]]. These were adapted with a mechanism that spins the disc and a shutter system. Duboscq produced some in the 1850s and Thomas Ross patented a version called "Wheel of life" in 1869 and 1870.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stephenherbert.co.uk/wheelPROJECTINGpart1.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505163214/http://www.stephenherbert.co.uk/wheelPROJECTINGpart1.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-date=5 May 2014 |title=Projection Phenakistoscope 1 |first=Stephen |last=Herbert |website=www.stephenherbert.co.uk |access-date=19 July 2016}}</ref>

The '''[[Choreutoscope]]''' was purportedly invented around 1866 by the [[Greenwich]] engineer John Beale, and demonstrated at the Royal Polytechnic. It projected six pictures and used a hand-cranked mechanism for intermittent movement and synchronized shutter action. The mechanism became a key to the development of the movie camera and projector. The Choreutoscope was used at the first professional public demonstration of the [[Kinetoscope]] to explain its principles.<ref name="LivingPictures">{{Cite book |last=Rossell |first=Deac |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WVVX4NHS8TwC&q=choreutoscope&pg=PA86 |title=Living Pictures: The Origins of the Movies |date=1998 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=0-585-06234-X |location=Albany, New York |oclc=42636554}}</ref>{{Rp|86}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Liesegang |first=Franz Paul |url=https://archive.org/details/zahlenundquellen00fpau/page/54/mode/1up |title=Zahlen und quellen |date=1926 |publisher=Berlin : G m. b. H. (Hackebeil) |others=Media History Digital Library}}</ref>

An "Optical Instrument" was patented in the U.S. in 1869 by O.B. Brown, using a phenakistiscope-like disc with a technique very close to the later cinematograph; with Maltese Cross motion; a star-wheel and pin being used for intermittent motion, and a two-sector shutter.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US93594 |title=U.S. Patent No. 93,594 |date=10 August 1869}}</ref>

===Life in the lantern - Bio-Phantoscope===
John Arthur Roebuck Rudge built a lantern for [[William Friese-Greene]] with a mechanism to project a sequence of seven photographic slides. Reports say it was made in 1872, but also 1875 and (most likely) 1882. The surviving slides show a man removing his head with his hands and raising the loose head. The photographed body belonged to Rudge and Friese-Greene posed for the head. The slides probably provided the very first trick photography sequence projection. Friese-Greene demonstrated the machine in his shop, until the police ordered him to remove it when it attracted too large a crowd.<ref name="cinematheque">{{cite web|url=http://www.cinematheque.fr/fr/catalogues/appareils/collection/lanterne-de-projectionap-94-33.html|title=Lanterne de projection (AP-94-33) - Collection - Catalogue des appareils cinématographiques - La Cinémathèque française|website=cinematheque.fr|access-date=28 August 2017}}</ref>