Editing March First Movement (section)

== Statistics ==
Statistics on the March First Movement are uncertain, and are a subject of controversy.<ref name="Database Chosun Kim">{{Cite web |last=김 |first=성현 |date=2020-07-18 |title=3·1운동 103만명 참가·934명 사망… 첫 공식 집계 나왔다 |url=https://www.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2019/02/21/2019022100174.html |access-date=2024-05-07 |website=[[The Chosun Ilbo]] |language=ko |archive-date=May 7, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240507015507/https://www.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2019/02/21/2019022100174.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=이 |first=화구 |date=2023-03-01 |script-title=ko:잘못된 '3·1운동 참가 인원' 통계...호남지역 15분의 1축소 '유감' |url=http://www.jbsori.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=10760 |access-date=2024-05-07 |website=전북의소리 |language=ko |archive-date=May 7, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240507013552/http://www.jbsori.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=10760 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== March First Movement Database ===
In 2019,<ref name="Database Announcement">{{Cite web |date=February 20, 2019 |title=3.1운동 100주년 기념 "삼일운동 데이터베이스" 공개 |url=https://www.history.go.kr/board/boardDetail.do?menuId=000000000944&itemId=000000011564&itemIndex=2&totalCount=21#:~:text=%EC%82%BC%EC%9D%BC%EC%9A%B4%EB%8F%99%20%EB%8D%B0%EC%9D%B4%ED%84%B0%EB%B2%A0%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4%5B2019.2.,%EC%97%AC%20%EB%AA%85%EC%9C%BC%EB%A1%9C%20%EC%A7%91%EA%B3%84%EB%90%9C%EB%8B%A4. |website=[[National Institute of Korean History]] |access-date=May 7, 2024 |archive-date=May 7, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240507013558/https://www.history.go.kr/board/boardDetail.do?menuId=000000000944&itemId=000000011564&itemIndex=2&totalCount=21#:~:text=%EC%82%BC%EC%9D%BC%EC%9A%B4%EB%8F%99%20%EB%8D%B0%EC%9D%B4%ED%84%B0%EB%B2%A0%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4%5B2019.2.,%EC%97%AC%20%EB%AA%85%EC%9C%BC%EB%A1%9C%20%EC%A7%91%EA%B3%84%EB%90%9C%EB%8B%A4. |url-status=live }}</ref> the [[National Institute of Korean History]] (NIKH) of South Korea published an online [[March First Movement Database]] ({{Korean|hangul=삼일운동 데이터베이스|labels=no}})<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ko:삼일운동 데이터베이스 |trans-title=March First Movement Database |url=https://db.history.go.kr/samil/ |access-date=May 6, 2024 |publisher=[[National Institute of Korean History]] |archive-date=May 7, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240507042126/https://db.history.go.kr/samil/ |url-status=live }}</ref> to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the movement.<ref name="Database Announcement" /><ref name="Database Chosun">{{Cite web |last=유 |first=석재 |date=July 18, 2020 |title=3·1운동 당시 시위 1716건… 日帝 통계보다 2배 많았다 |url=https://www.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2019/02/07/2019020700269.html |access-date=2024-05-07 |website=[[The Chosun Ilbo]] |language=ko |archive-date=May 7, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240507015506/https://www.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2019/02/07/2019020700269.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The compilation of the database began in 2016, and was reportedly the largest ever data gathering on the movement. It also represented the first time that the South Korean government promoted a single set of statistics on the movement.<ref name="Database Chosun Kim" /> The database aggregates evidence and numbers from over 27,729 sources; these have been [[Digitization|digitized]] and are available on the website.<ref name="Database Introduction">{{Cite web |script-title=ko:안내 |trans-title=Introduction |url=https://db.history.go.kr/samil/home/introduce/introduce_content.do |access-date=May 7, 2024 |website=삼일운동 데이터베이스 |publisher=[[National Institute of Korean History]] |archive-date=May 7, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240507201000/https://db.history.go.kr/samil/home/introduce/introduce_content.do |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Database Chosun Kim" /><ref name="Database Chosun" /> The database has been updated on at least one occasion to reflect the NIKH's ongoing research on the movement.<ref name=":1" />

The database intentionally provides conservative estimates on the protests; the database's curators suspect that actual numbers are much higher. Events and numbers are reportedly only included if there is known surviving evidence for them that is deemed sufficiently reliable.<ref name="Database Introduction" /> A significant portion of evidence used for the database comes from Japanese sources; the colonial government was known to alter its records for political reasons. The instability during and extrajudicial actions taken during the movement's suppression also reduced the amount of surviving evidence.<ref name="Database Introduction" />
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|+March First Movement Database summary statistics (March 1 – May 31, 1919)<ref name="Database Incidents">{{Cite web |script-title=ko:사건정보 |trans-title=Incident information |url=https://db.history.go.kr/samil/home/demons/select_demons_list.do |access-date=May 7, 2024 |website=삼일운동 데이터베이스 |publisher=[[National Institute of Korean History]] |language=ko |archive-date=May 7, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240507210429/https://db.history.go.kr/samil/home/demons/select_demons_list.do |url-status=live }} To download dataset, click "다운로드 출력수".</ref>
!Region
!# protests{{Efn-ua|A number of protest actions in some places occurred in quick succession; some of these are counted as single events.}}
!# participants<br />(lower bound){{Efn-ua|Each event has lower and upper bound estimates for its various statistics. Upper bounds still reflect the conservative methodology reportedly employed.|name=bound}}
!# participants<br />(upper bound){{Efn-ua|name=bound}}
!# deaths<br />(lower bound){{Efn-ua|name=bound}}
!# deaths<br />(upper bound){{Efn-ua|name=bound}}
|-
|[[Gyeonggi Province|Gyeonggi]]
|415
|217,009
|297,380
|121
|151
|-
|[[Hwanghae Province|Hwanghae]]
|180
|46,943
|57,179
|42
|42
|-
|[[Pyongan Province|Pyongan]]
|276
|166,430
|213,863
|285
|426
|-
|[[Hamgyong Province|Hamgyong]]
|144
|51,667
|60,453
|45
|52
|-
|[[Gangwon Province (pre-1910)|Gangwon]]
|81
|20,376
|25,629
|33
|35
|-
|[[Chungcheong Province|Chungcheong]]
|225
|103,355
|133,431
|84
|109
|-
|[[Jeolla Province|Jeolla]]
|89
|13,693
|21,626
|12
|12
|-
|[[Gyeongsang Province|Gyeongsang]]
|273
|129,695
|174,467
|153
|317
|-
|[[Jiandao]] ([[Republic of China (1912–1949)|China]])
|86
|46,715
|52,875
|23
|26
|-
|Japan
|1
|0{{Efn-ua|Protest in [[Osaka]]'s [[Tennōji Park]] on March 19.|name=Japan}}
|0{{Efn-ua|name=Japan}}
|0{{Efn-ua|name=Japan}}
|0{{Efn-ua|name=Japan}}
|-
|[[Russian State (1918–1920)|Russian State]]
|13
|25,500
|26,050
|0
|0
|-
|United States{{efn-ua|Includes the U.S. [[Territory of Hawaii]], as well as events hosted in the U.S. with representatives from elsewhere in North America.}}
|13
|2,550
|2,550
|0
|0
|-
|Mexico
|2
|69
|69
|0
|0
|-
|'''Total'''
|'''1,798'''
|'''823,702'''{{Efn-ua|name="total"|This sum reflects the overall total, and does not equal the sum of the above cells in the column. A small number of reported events took place across regions; for these, the counts are not separated by region. Summing the rows would result in participants in these events being counted multiple times.}}
|'''1,065,172'''{{Efn-ua|name="total"}}
|'''798'''
|'''1,170'''
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align:left;" | Notes:
{{notelist-ua}}
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|+# protests by month (1919)<ref name="Database Incidents" />
!March
!April
!May
!June
!July
!August
!September
!October
!November
!December
|-
|1,067
|695
|11
|2
|4
|2
|0
|6
|10
|3
|}

=== Park Eun-sik's statistics ===
Many sources cite the statistics provided in the 1920 history book {{Ill|The Bloody History of the Korean Independence Movement|lt=''The Bloody History of the Korean Independence Movement''|ko|한국독립운동지혈사}} by Korean scholar [[Park Eun-sik]].<ref name="EncyKorea Movement" /><ref>{{Citation |last=송 |first=병기 |script-title=ko:한국독립운동지혈사 (韓國獨立運動之血史) |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia of Korean Culture]] |url=https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0061138 |access-date=2024-04-29 |publisher=[[Academy of Korean Studies]] |language=ko}}</ref><ref name=":1" />
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|+1920 statistics from Park Eun-sik<ref name="EncyKorea Movement" />
!Region
!# protests
!# participants
!# deaths
!# injuries
!# arrests
|-
|[[Gyeonggi Province|Gyeonggi]]
|297
|665,900
|1,472
|3,124
|4,680
|-
|[[Hwanghae Province|Hwanghae]]
|115
|92,670
|238
|414
|4,218
|-
|[[Pyongan Province|Pyongan]]
|315
|514,670
|2,042
|3,665
|11,610
|-
|[[Hamgyong Province|Hamgyong]]
|101
|59,850
|135
|667
|6,215
|-
|[[Gangwon Province (pre-1910)|Gangwon]]
|57
|99,510
|144
|645
|1,360
|-
|[[Chungcheong Province|Chungcheong]]
|156
|120,850
|590
|1,116
|5,233
|-
|[[Jeolla Province|Jeolla]]
|222
|294,800
|384
|767
|2,900
|-
|[[Gyeongsang Province|Gyeongsang]]
|223
|154,498
|2,470
|5,295
|1,085
|-
|Overseas
|51
|48,700
|34
|157
|5
|-
|'''Total'''
|'''1,542'''
|'''2,023,098'''
|'''7,509'''
|'''15,961'''
|'''46,948'''
|}
An article in the ''[[Encyclopedia of Korean Culture]]'' argues it is possible that the numbers are even higher, as Japanese authorities continued pursuing and arresting protestors for years afterwards.<ref name="EncyKorea Movement" />

=== Japanese statistics ===
One Japanese police report claimed that there were 1,214 protests with 1.1 million participants; South Korean historian Kwon Tae-eok argued that Japanese sources were incentivized to artificially lower these numbers, and evaluated Park's estimate as plausible.{{Sfn|Kwon|2018|pp=115–116}}

From March 1 to April 11, Japanese officials reported 553 people killed, and more than 12,000 arrested. They said that 8 policemen and military were killed, and 158 wounded.<ref>{{Cite book |title=East Asia : a cultural, social, and political history |year=1947 |author=Ebrey, Patricia Buckley, and Walthall, Anne|isbn=9781133606475|edition=Third|location=Boston |oclc=811729581}}</ref> Japanese soldiers were harmed during the protests, with a number of deaths and over a hundred wounded.<ref name="Japan Focus" />