Editing Medical classification (section)

==ICD, SNOMED and Electronic Health Record (EHR)==

===SNOMED===
The Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine ([[SNOMED]]) is the most widely recognised nomenclature in healthcare.<ref name="ihtsdo.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.ihtsdo.org/snomed-ct/|title=SNOMED International|work=ihtsdo.org|access-date=17 January 2017}}</ref> Its current version, SNOMED Clinical Terms ([[SNOMED CT]]), is intended to provide a set of concepts and relationships that offers a common reference point for comparison and aggregation of data about the health care process.<ref name="nih.gov">{{cite web|url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/umls/Snomed/snomed_faq.html#what|title=FAQs: Inclusion of SNOMED CT in the UMLS|work=nih.gov|access-date=17 January 2017}}</ref> SNOMED CT is often described as a reference terminology.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sydney.edu.au/medicine/fmrc/snomed/|title=SNOMED CT – Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine|first=Publications|last=Office|work=sydney.edu.au|access-date=17 January 2017}}</ref> SNOMED CT contains more than 311,000 active concepts with unique meanings and formal logic-based definitions organised into hierarchies.<ref name="nih.gov"/> SNOMED CT can be used by anyone with an Affiliate License, 40 low income countries defined by the World Bank or qualifying research, humanitarian and charitable projects.<ref name="nih.gov"/> SNOMED CT is designed to be managed by computer, and it is a complex relationship concepts.<ref name="ihtsdo.org"/>

===ICD===
The International Classification of Disease ([[ICD]]) is the most widely recognized medical classification. Maintained by the [[World Health Organization]] ([[WHO]]),<ref name="Electronic Health Records: A Practical Guide for Professionals and Organizations.">Margret K. Amatayakul, MBA, RHIA, CHPS, CPHIT, CPEHR&FHIMSS.(2009).Electronic Health Records: A Practical Guide for Professionals and Organizations.Chicago, America:AHIMA</ref> its primary purpose is to categorise diseases for morbidity and mortality reporting. However the coded data is often used for other purposes too; including reimbursement practices such as [[medical billing]]. ICD has a hierarchical structure, and coding in this context, is the term applied when representations are assigned to the words they represent.<ref name="Electronic Health Records: A Practical Guide for Professionals and Organizations."/> Coding diagnoses and procedures is the assignment of codes from a code set that follows the rules of the underlying classification or other coding guidelines. The current version of the ICD, [[ICD-10]], was endorsed by [[WHO]] in 1990. WHO Member states began using the ICD-10 classification system from 1994 for both morbidity and mortality reporting. The exception was the US, who only began using it for reporting mortality in 1999 whilst continuing to use [[ICD-9-CM]] for morbidity reporting. The US only adopted its version of ICD-10 in October 2015. The delay meant it was unable to compare US morbidity data with the rest of the world during this period. The next major version of the ICD, [[ICD-11]], was ratified by the 72nd [[World Health Assembly]] on 25 May 2019, and member countries have been able to report data using ICD-11 codes since 1 January 2022.<ref name=WHO-FIC_ICD11>{{cite web |title=WHO releases new International Classification of Diseases (ICD 11) |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/18-06-2018-who-releases-new-international-classification-of-diseases-(icd-11)|publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=9 May 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
[[ICD-11]] is a fully digital product with integration of clinical terminology and classification. It allows documentation at any level of detail. It includes extension codes, a terminology system, with medicaments, chemicals, infections agents, histopathology, anatomy and mechanisms, objects and animals, and other elements that serve to describe sources of injury or harm.

===Comparison===
[[SNOMED CT]] and [[ICD]] were originally designed for different purposes and each should be used for the purposes for which they were designed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icd10watch.com/blog/why-snomed-cannot-replace-icd-10-cmpcs-code-sets|title=Why SNOMED cannot replace the ICD-10-CM/PCS code sets|work=icd10watch.com|access-date=17 January 2017}}</ref> As a core terminology for the [[Electronic health record|EHR]], SNOMED CT and [[ICD-11]] provide a common language that enables a consistent way of capturing, and sharing health data across specialities and sites of care. SNOMED is a highly detailed terminology designed for input not reporting, without a specific use case. [[ICD-11]] and SNOMED, are clinically based, and document whatever is needed for patient care. In contrast to SNOMED, ICD-11 allows full clinical documentation while permitting internationally agreed statistical aggregation for specific [[use case]]s. The foundation of ICD-11 together with the [[International Classification of Health Interventions|WHO Classification of Health Interventions (ICHI)]] and the [[International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health|WHO Classification for Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF)]], comprising also the WHO lists of anatomy, substances and more, are a complete ecosystem for lossless documentation in digital records and at the same time they address specific usecases for data aggregation in a multilingual, freely usable way. SNOMED CT and ICD are used directly by healthcare providers during the process of care,<ref>{{cite web |title=ICD-11 {{!}} Implementation or Transition Guide |url=https://icd.who.int/docs/ICD-11%20Implementation%20or%20Transition%20Guide_v105.pdf |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=1 June 2022 |page=14 |quote=Certain countries currently use automated coding}}</ref> in addition, ICD can be also used for coding after the episode of care, in lower technology environments. SNOMED CT has multiple hierarchy, whereas there is single primary hierarchy for ICD-11 with alternative multiple hierarchies. SNOMED CT concepts are defined logically by their attributes, as is the case in ICD-11, that in addition has textual rules and definitions.

===Data Mapping===
[[SNOMED]] and [[ICD]] can be coordinated. The [[National Library of Medicine]] (NLM) maps ICD-9-CM, ICD-10-CM, ICD-10-PCS, and other classification systems to SNOMED.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/classifications/icd/snomedCTToICD10Maps/en/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023234225/http://www.who.int/classifications/icd/snomedCTToICD10Maps/en/|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 23, 2012|title=WHO – SNOMED CT to ICD-10 Cross-Map Technology Preview Release|work=who.int|access-date=17 January 2017}}</ref> Data Mapping is the process of identifying relationships between two distinct data models.<ref name="Electronic Health Records: A Practical Guide for Professionals and Organizations."/>