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Plastic mulch
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==Further reading== *{{cite journal |last=Lamont |first=W. J. Jr. |year=1993 |title=Plastic mulches for the production of vegetable crops |journal=HortTechnology |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=35–39 |doi=10.21273/HORTTECH.3.1.35 |doi-access=free }} *Marr, C.W. 1993. Plastic Mulches for Vegetables. Kansas State University. October: 1-3. *McCraw, D. Motes, J.E. 2007. Use of Plastic Mulch and Row Covers in Vegetable Production. Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Fact Sheets. 1-5. *{{cite journal |last=Rice |first=P. J. |year=2001 |title=Runoff loss of pesticides and soil: A comparison between vegetative mulch and plastic mulch in vegetable production systems |journal=J. Environ. Qual. |volume=30 |issue= 5|pages=1808–1821 |doi=10.2134/jeq2001.3051808x |pmid=11577890 |url=https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2662&context=usdaarsfacpub |display-authors=etal|url-access=subscription }} *{{cite journal |last1=Steinmetz |first1=Z. |last2 = Wollmann |first2 = C. |last3 = Schaefer |first3 = M. |last4 = Buchmann |first4 = C. |last5 = David |first5 = J. |last6 = Tröger |first6 = J. |last7 = Muñoz |first7 = K. |last8 = Frör |first8 = O. |last9 = Schaumann |first9 = G.E. |year=2016 |title=Plastic mulching in agriculture: Trading short-term agronomic benefits for long-term soil degradation? |journal=Sci. Total Environ. |volume=550 |pages=690–705 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/292784097 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.153|pmid=26849333 |bibcode=2016ScTEn.550..690S }} *{{cite journal |last=Wittwer |first=S. H. |year=1993 |title=World-wide use of plastics in horticultural production |journal=HortTechnology |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=6–19 |doi=10.21273/HORTTECH.3.1.6 |doi-access=free }} * {{cite journal | last=Khalid | first=Noreen | last2=Aqeel | first2=Muhammad | last3=Noman | first3=Ali | last4=Fatima Rizvi | first4=Zarrin | title=Impact of plastic mulching as a major source of microplastics in agroecosystems | journal=Journal of Hazardous Materials | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=445 | year=2023 | issn=0304-3894 | doi=10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130455 | page=130455|quote=The contamination of agroecosystems by microplastics (MPs) has raised great concerns recently. Plastic mulching has contributed a lot in the building of MP pollution in farmlands. This technique has been in use for decades worldwide because of its immense advantages, preferably in drier and colder regions. The physical extraction of plastic mulches at the end of the growing season is very laborious and ineffective, and thus small pieces of mulches are left in the field which later convert into MP particles after aging, weathering, or on exposure to solar radiation. MPs not only influence physical, chemical, or biological properties of soils but also reduce crop productivity which could be a threat to our food security. They also interact with and accumulate other environmental contaminants such as microbial pathogens, heavy metals, and persistent organic pollutants on their surfaces which increase their risk of toxicity in the environment. MPs also transfer from one trophic level to the other in the food chain and ultimately may impact human health. }}
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