Editing Printing (section)

==Impact of German movable type printing press==
{{anchor|printing revolution}}
===Quantitative aspects===
[[File:European Output of Printed Books ca. 1450–1800.png|thumb|European output of books printed by movable type from {{circa|1450}} to 1800<ref name="Buringh & van Zanden 2009"/>]]
{{Main|History of printing}}

It is estimated that following the innovation of Gutenberg's printing press, the European book output rose from a few million to around one billion copies within a span of less than four centuries.<ref name="Buringh & van Zanden 2009">Buringh, Eltjo; van Zanden, Jan Luiten: "Charting the 'Rise of the West': Manuscripts and Printed Books in Europe, A Long-Term Perspective from the Sixth through Eighteenth Centuries", ''The Journal of Economic History'', Vol. 69, No. 2 (2009), pp.&nbsp;409–45 (417, table 2)</ref>

===Religious impact===
[[Samuel Hartlib]], who was exiled in [[Great Britain|Britain]] and enthusiastic about social and cultural reforms, wrote in 1641 that "the art of printing will so spread knowledge that the common people, knowing their own rights and liberties, will not be governed by way of oppression".<ref name="Briggs-Burke">Ref: Briggs, Asa and [[Peter Burke (historian)|Burke, Peter]] (2002) A Social History of the Media: from Gutenberg to the Internet, Polity, Cambridge, pp. 15–23, 61–73.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/55269/55269-h/55269-h.htm |title=A Description of the Famous Kingdome of Macaria |date=1641 |publication-place=London |language=English}}</ref>

[[File:PrintMus 038.jpg|thumb|right|Replica of the Gutenberg press at the [[International Printing Museum]] in Carson, California]]

In the Muslim world, printing, especially in Arabic scripts, was strongly opposed throughout the [[early modern period]], partially due to the high artistic renown of the art of traditional calligraphy. However, printing in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] or [[Armenian script]] was often permitted. Thus, the first movable type printing in the [[Ottoman Empire]] was in Hebrew in 1493, after which both religious and non-religious texts were able to be printed in Hebrew.<ref>or soon after; Naim A. Güleryüz, ''Bizans'tan 20. Yüzyıla – Türk Yahudileri'', Gözlem Gazetecilik Basın ve Yayın A.Ş., İstanbul, January 2012, p. 90 {{ISBN|978-9944-994-54-5}}</ref> According to an imperial ambassador to [[Istanbul]] in the middle of the sixteenth century, it was a sin for the [[Turkish people|Turks]], particularly Turkish Muslims, to print religious books. In 1515, Sultan [[Selim I]] issued a decree under which the practice of printing would be punishable by death. At the end of the sixteenth century, Sultan [[Murad III]] permitted the sale of non-religious printed books in [[Arabic]] characters, yet the majority were imported from [[Italy]]. [[Ibrahim Muteferrika]] established the first press for printing in Arabic in the Ottoman Empire, against opposition from the calligraphers and parts of the [[Ulama]]. It operated until 1742, producing altogether seventeen works, all of which were concerned with non-religious, utilitarian matters. Printing did not become common in the Islamic world until the 19th century.<ref>Watson, William J., "İbrāhīm Müteferriḳa and Turkish Incunabula", ''[[Journal of the American Oriental Society]]'', 1968, volume 88, issue 3, p. 436</ref>

Hebrew language printers were banned from printing [[guild]]s in some Germanic states; as a result, Hebrew printing flourished in [[Italy]], beginning in 1470 in Rome, then spreading to other cities including Bari, Pisa, Livorno, and Mantua. Local rulers had the authority to grant or revoke licenses to publish Hebrew books,<ref name="nyt2009">"[https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/12/books/12hebr.html?_r=1 A Lifetime's Collection of Texts in Hebrew, at Sotheby's] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190122144919/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/12/books/12hebr.html?_r=1 |date=January 22, 2019 }}", [[Edward Rothstein]], ''[[New York Times]]'', February 11, 2009</ref> and many of those printed during this period carry the words 'con licenza de superiori' (indicating their printing having been officially licensed) on their title pages.

It was thought that the introduction of printing 'would strengthen religion and enhance the power of monarchs.'<ref name="Meyrowitz41">Meyrowitz: "Mediating Communication: What Happens?" in "Questioning the Media", p. 41.</ref> The majority of books were of a religious nature, with the church and crown regulating the content. The consequences of printing 'wrong' material were extreme. Meyrowitz<ref name="Meyrowitz41" /> used the example of [[William Carter (martyr)|William Carter]] who in 1584 printed a pro-Catholic pamphlet in Protestant-dominated England. The consequence of his action was [[hanging]].

===Social impact===
Print gave a broader range of readers access to knowledge and enabled later generations to build directly on the intellectual achievements of earlier ones without the changes arising within verbal traditions. Print, according to [[John Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton|Acton]] in his 1895 lecture ''On the Study of History'', gave "assurance that the work of the [[Renaissance]] would last, that what was written would be accessible to all, that such an occultation of knowledge and ideas as had depressed the [[Middle Ages]] would never recur, that not an idea would be lost".<ref name="Briggs-Burke" />
[[File:Press1520.png|thumb|upright|Bookprinting in the 16th century]]
Print was instrumental in changing the social nature of reading.

[[Elizabeth Eisenstein]] identifies two long-term effects of the invention of printing. She claims that print created a sustained and uniform reference for knowledge and allowed comparisons of incompatible views.<ref>Eisenstein in Briggs and Burke, 2002: p. 21</ref>

[[Asa Briggs]] and [[Peter Burke (historian)|Peter Burke]] identify five kinds of reading that developed in relation to the introduction of print:
# Critical reading: Because texts finally became accessible to the general population, critical reading emerged as people were able to form their own opinions on texts.
# Dangerous reading: Reading was seen as a dangerous pursuit because it was considered rebellious and unsociable, especially in the case of women, because reading could stir up dangerous emotions such as love, and if women could read, they could read love notes.
# Creative reading: Printing allowed people to read texts and interpret them creatively, often in very different ways than the author intended.
# Extensive reading: Once print made a wide range of texts available, earlier habits of intensive reading of texts from start to finish began to change, and people began reading selected excerpts, allowing much more extensive reading on a wider range of topics.
# Private reading: Reading was linked to the rise of individualism because, before print, reading was often a group event in which one person would read to a group. With print, both literacy and the availability of texts increased, and solitary reading became the norm.

The invention of printing also changed the occupational structure of European cities. [[Printer (publisher)|Printers]] emerged as a new group of artisans for whom literacy was essential, while the much more labour-intensive occupation of the [[scribe]] naturally declined. Proof-correcting arose as a new occupation, while a rise in the numbers of [[bookselling|booksellers]] and librarians naturally followed the explosion in the numbers of books.

=== Educational impact ===
Gutenberg's printing press had profound impacts on universities as well. Universities were influenced in their "language of scholarship, libraries, curriculum, [and] pedagogy"<ref name="Modie-2014">{{Cite journal |last=Modie |first=G |date=2014 |title=Gutenberg's Effects on Universities |journal=History of Education |volume=43 |issue=4 |page=17 |doi=10.1080/0046760X.2014.930186 |s2cid=145093891|url=https://rmit-researchmanagement.esploro.exlibrisgroup.com/view/delivery/61RMIT_INST/12247059320001341/13248394600001341}}</ref>

==== The language of scholarship ====
Before the invention of the printing press, most written material was in Latin. However, after the invention of printing the number of books printed expanded as well as the vernacular. Latin was not replaced completely, but remained an international language until the eighteenth century.<ref name="Modie-2014" />

==== University libraries ====
At this time, universities began establishing accompanying libraries. "Cambridge made the chaplain responsible for the library in the fifteenth century but this position was abolished in 1570 and in 1577 Cambridge established the new office of university librarian. Although, the University of Leuven did not see a need for a university library based on the idea that professor were the library. Libraries also began receiving so many books from gifts and purchases that they began to run out of room. However, the issue was solved in 1589 by a man named Merton who decided books should be stored on horizontal shelves rather than [[Lectern|lecterns]].<ref name="Modie-2014" />

==== Curriculum ====
The printed press changed university libraries in many ways. Professors were finally able to compare the opinions of different authors rather than being forced to look at only one or two specific authors. Textbooks themselves were also being printed in different levels of difficulty, rather than just one introductory text being made available.<ref name="Modie-2014" />