Editing Prostate-specific antigen (section)

==PSA in other biologic fluids and tissues==

{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 2em auto 2em auto" align="right"
|+ '''Concentration of PSA in human body fluids'''
! Fluid || PSA (ng/mL)
|-
| semen ||{{center|200,000 - 5.5 million}}
|-
| amniotic fluid || {{center|0.60 - 8.98}}
|-
| breast milk || {{center|0.47 - 100}}
|-
| saliva || {{center|0}}
|-
| female urine || {{center|0.12 - 3.72}}
|-
| female serum || {{center|0.01 - 0.53}}
|}
The term prostate-specific antigen is a [[misnomer]]: it is an [[antigen]] but is not specific to the prostate. Although present in large amounts in prostatic tissue and semen, it has been detected in other body fluids and tissues.<ref name="Laux-2005">{{cite report | vauthors = Laux DL, Custis SE |title=Forensic Detection of Semen III. Detection of PSA Using Membrane Based Tests: Sensitivity Issues with Regards to the Presence of PSA in Other Body Fluids |publisher=Midwestern Association of Forensic Scientists |url=http://mafs.net/pdf/forensicdetectionsemen3.pdf |access-date=2008-05-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050827025155/http://mafs.net/pdf/forensicdetectionsemen3.pdf |archive-date=2005-08-27 }}</ref>

In women, PSA is found in [[female ejaculation|female ejaculate]] at concentrations roughly equal to that found in male semen.<ref name="Wimpissinger-2007">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wimpissinger F, Stifter K, Grin W, Stackl W | title = The female prostate revisited: perineal ultrasound and biochemical studies of female ejaculate | journal = The Journal of Sexual Medicine | volume = 4 | issue = 5 | pages = 1388–93; discussion 1393 | date = September 2007 | pmid = 17634056 | doi = 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2007.00542.x }}</ref> Other than semen and female ejaculate, the greatest concentrations of PSA in biological fluids are detected in breast milk and amniotic fluid. Low concentrations of PSA have been identified in the urethral glands, endometrium, normal breast tissue and salivary gland tissue. PSA also is found in the serum of women with breast, lung, or uterine cancer and in some patients with renal cancer.<ref>{{Cite web | vauthors = Brosman SA | work = eMedicine | title = Prostate-Specific Antigen |publisher=[[WebMD]] |url= http://www.emedicine.com/med/TOPIC3465.HTM#section~CharacteristicsofProstateSpecificAntigen|access-date=2008-05-11}}</ref>

Tissue samples can be stained for the presence of PSA in order to determine the origin of malignant cells that have metastasized.<ref name="Chuang-2007">{{cite journal | vauthors = Chuang AY, DeMarzo AM, Veltri RW, Sharma RB, Bieberich CJ, Epstein JI | title = Immunohistochemical differentiation of high-grade prostate carcinoma from urothelial carcinoma | journal = The American Journal of Surgical Pathology | volume = 31 | issue = 8 | pages = 1246–1255 | date = August 2007 | pmid = 17667550 | doi = 10.1097/PAS.0b013e31802f5d33 | s2cid = 11535862 }}</ref>