Editing Quantum tunnelling (section)

==== Energetically forbidden reactions ====
Chemical reactions in the [[interstellar medium]] occur at extremely low energies. Probably the most fundamental ion-molecule reaction involves hydrogen ions with hydrogen molecules.  
The quantum mechanical tunnelling rate for the same reaction using the [[hydrogen]] isotope [[deuterium]], D<sup>−</sup> + H<sub>2</sub> → H<sup>−</sup> + HD, has been measured experimentally in an ion trap.
The deuterium was placed in an [[ion trap]] and cooled. The trap was then filled with hydrogen. At the temperatures used in the experiment, the energy barrier for reaction would not allow the reaction to succeed with classical dynamics alone. Quantum tunneling allowed reactions to happen in rare collisions. It was calculated from the experimental data that collisions happened one in every hundred billion.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wild |first1=Robert |last2=Nötzold |first2=Markus |last3=Simpson |first3=Malcolm |last4=Tran |first4=Thuy Dung |last5=Wester |first5=Roland |date=2023-03-16 |title=Tunnelling measured in a very slow ion–molecule reaction |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-05727-z |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=615 |issue=7952 |pages=425–429 |doi=10.1038/s41586-023-05727-z |pmid=36859549 |bibcode=2023Natur.615..425W |issn=0028-0836|arxiv=2303.14948 }}</ref>