Editing Shape-memory alloy (section)

==== Aircraft and spacecraft ====
[[Boeing]], [[General Electric Aircraft Engines]], [[Goodrich Corporation]], [[NASA]], [[Texas A&M University]] and [[All Nippon Airways]] developed the Variable Geometry Chevron using a NiTi SMA. Such a variable area fan nozzle (VAFN) design would allow for quieter and more efficient jet engines in the future. In 2005 and 2006, Boeing conducted successful flight testing of this technology.<ref name=Mabe>{{Cite book | doi = 10.1117/12.776816| chapter = Variable area jet nozzle using shape memory alloy actuators in an antagonistic design| title = Industrial and Commercial Applications of Smart Structures Technologies 2008| volume = 6930| pages = 69300T| year = 2008| last1 = Mabe | first1 = J. H. | last2 = Calkins | first2 = F. T. | last3 = Alkislar | first3 = M. B. | s2cid = 111594060| editor3-first = M. Brett| editor3-last = McMickell| editor2-first = Benjamin K| editor2-last = Henderson| editor1-first = L. Porter| editor1-last = Davis}}</ref>

SMAs are being explored as vibration dampers for launch vehicles and commercial jet engines. The large amount of [[hysteresis]] observed during the superelastic effect allow SMAs to dissipate energy and dampen vibrations. These materials show promise for reducing the high vibration loads on payloads during launch as well as on fan blades in commercial jet engines, allowing for more lightweight and efficient designs.<ref name=Hartl>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1243/09544100jaero211| title = Aerospace applications of shape memory alloys| journal = Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering| volume = 221| issue = 4| pages = 535| year = 2007| last1 = Lagoudas | first1 = D. C. | last2 = Hartl | first2 = D. J. | doi-access = free}}</ref> SMAs also exhibit potential for other high shock applications such as ball bearings and landing gear.<ref name=DellaCorte>DellaCorte, C. (2014) [https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20140010477 Novel Super-Elastic Materials for Advanced Bearing Applications].</ref>

There is also strong interest in using SMAs for a variety of actuator applications in commercial jet engines, which would significantly reduce their weight and boost efficiency.<ref name=Webster>{{Cite book | doi = 10.1117/12.669027| chapter = High integrity adaptive SMA components for gas turbine applications| title = Smart Structures and Materials 2006: Industrial and Commercial Applications of Smart Structures Technologies| volume = 6171| pages = 61710F| year = 2006| last1 = Webster | first1 = J. | s2cid = 108583552| editor1-first = Edward V| editor1-last = White}}</ref> Further research needs to be conducted in this area, however, to increase the transformation temperatures and improve the mechanical properties of these materials before they can be successfully implemented. A review of recent advances in high-temperature shape-memory alloys (HTSMAs) is presented by Ma et al.<ref name=Ma />

A variety of wing-morphing technologies are also being explored.<ref name=Hartl />