Editing Solid oxide fuel cell (section)

===ITSOFC===
SOFCs that operate in an intermediate temperature (IT) range, meaning between 600 and 800&nbsp;°C, are named ITSOFCs. Because of the high degradation rates and materials costs incurred at temperatures in excess of 900&nbsp;°C, it is economically more favorable to operate SOFCs at lower temperatures. The push for high-performance ITSOFCs is currently the topic of much research and development. One area of focus is the cathode material. It is thought that the oxygen reduction reaction is responsible for much of the loss in performance so the catalytic activity of the cathode is being studied and enhanced through various techniques, including catalyst impregnation. The research on NdCrO<sub>3</sub> proves it to be a potential cathode material for the cathode of ITSOFC since it is thermochemically stable within the temperature range.<ref>Nithya, M., and M. Rajasekhar. "Preparation and Characterization of NdCrO3 Cathode for Intermediate Temperature Fuel Cell Application." ''International Journal of Applied Chemistry'' 13, no. 4 (2017): 879-886.</ref>

Another area of focus is electrolyte materials. To make SOFCs competitive in the market, ITSOFCs are pushing towards lower operational temperature by use of alternative new materials. However, efficiency and stability of the materials limit their feasibility. One choice for the electrolyte new materials is the ceria-salt ceramic composites (CSCs). The two-phase CSC electrolytes GDC (gadolinium-doped ceria) and SDC (samaria-doped ceria)-MCO<sub>3</sub> (M=Li, Na, K, single or mixture of carbonates) can reach the power density of 300-800&nbsp;mW*cm<sup>−2</sup>.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zhu|first=Bin|title=Functional ceria–salt-composite materials for advanced ITSOFC applications|journal=Journal of Power Sources|volume=114|issue=1|pages=1–9|doi=10.1016/s0378-7753(02)00592-x|year=2003|bibcode=2003JPS...114....1Z}}</ref>