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Stellar classification
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===Class F===<!-- This section is linked from [[V838 Monocerotis]] --> {{See also|F-type main-sequence star}} [[File:F5V star spectrum.png|thumb|Spectrum of a hypothetical F5V star]] F-type stars have strengthening spectral lines ''H'' and ''K'' of [[calcium|Ca]] II. Neutral metals ([[iron|Fe]] I, [[chromium|Cr]] I) beginning to gain on ionized metal lines by late F. Their spectra are characterized by the weaker hydrogen lines and ionized metals. Their color is white. About 1 in 33 (3.03%) of the main-sequence stars in the solar neighborhood are F-type stars,<ref group="lower-alpha" name="proportions" /><ref name="LeDrew2001" /> including 1 star [[Procyon A]] within 20 ly.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://solstation.com/stars/s20ly.htm | title=Stars within 20 light-years }}</ref> '''Example spectral standards:'''<ref name="Garrison"/><ref name="MK73">{{cite journal | last1=Morgan | first1=W. W. | last2=Keenan | first2=P. C. | title=Spectral Classification | journal=Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics | volume=11 | page=29 | date=1973 | doi=10.1146/annurev.aa.11.090173.000333 | bibcode=1973ARA&A..11...29M }}</ref><ref name="MK78">{{cite book|bibcode=1978rmsa.book.....M|year=1978|title=Revised MK Spectral Atlas for stars earlier than the sun|last1=Morgan|first1=W. W.|last2=Abt|first2=Helmut A.|last3=Tapscott|first3=J. W.|location=Yerkes Observatory, University of Chicago}}</ref><ref name="Gray89">{{cite journal|bibcode=1989ApJS...69..301G|title=The early F-type stars - Refined classification, confrontation with Stromgren photometry, and the effects of rotation|journal=Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series|volume=69|pages=301|last1=Gray|first1=R. O|last2=Garrison|first2=R. F|year=1989|doi=10.1086/191315}}</ref><ref name="Keenan89">{{cite journal | last1=Keenan | first1=Philip C. | last2=McNeil | first2=Raymond C. | title=The Perkins catalog of revised MK types for the cooler stars | journal=Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series | volume=71 | pages=245 | year=1989 | bibcode=1989ApJS...71..245K | doi=10.1086/191373 | s2cid=123149047 }}</ref> * F0IIIa β [[Zeta Leonis]] * F0Ib β [[Alpha Leporis]] * F1V - [[37 Ursae Majoris]] * F2V β [[78 Ursae Majoris]] * F7V - [[Iota Piscium]] * F9V - [[Beta Virginis]] * F9V - [[HD 10647]]
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