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Stop motion
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===1950s=== [[File:Gumbasia.ogv|thumb|right|''[[Gumbasia]]'' (1955) by [[Art Clokey]]]] [[Ray Harryhausen]] learned under O'Brien on the film ''[[Mighty Joe Young (1949 film)|Mighty Joe Young]]'' (1949). Harryhausen would go on to create many memorable stop-motion effects for a string of successful fantasy films over the next three decades. These included ''[[The Beast from 20,000 Fathoms]]'' (1953), ''[[It Came from Beneath the Sea]]'' (1955), ''[[Jason and the Argonauts (1963 film)|Jason and the Argonauts]]'' (1963), ''[[The Golden Voyage of Sinbad]]'' (1973), and ''[[Clash of the Titans (1981 film)|Clash of the Titans]]'' (1981). It wasn't until 1954 before a feature animated film with a technique other than cel animation was produced in the US. The first was the stop-motion adaptation of 19th century composer [[Engelbert Humperdinck (composer)|Engelbert Humperdinck]]'s opera ''[[Hansel and Gretel (opera)|Hänsel und Gretel]]'' as ''[[Hansel and Gretel: An Opera Fantasy]]''. In 1955, [[Karel Zeman]] made his first feature film ''[[Journey to the Beginning of Time]]'' inspired by [[Jules Verne]], featuring stop-motion animation of dinosaurs and other prehistoric creatures. [[Art Clokey]] started his adventures in clay with a freeform clay short film called ''Gumbasia'' (1955), which shortly thereafter propelled him into the production of his more structured TV series ''[[Gumby]]'' (1955–1989), with the iconic titular character. In partnership with the [[United Lutheran Church in America]], he also produced ''[[Davey and Goliath]]'' (1960–2004). The theatrical feature ''[[Gumby: The Movie]]'' (1992, released in 1995) was a [[box-office bomb]]. On 22 November 1959, the first episode of ''[[Sandmännchen|Unser Sandmänchen (Our Little Sandman)]]'' was broadcast on [[Deutscher Fernsehfunk|DFF (East German television)]]. The 10-minute daily bedtime show for young children features the title character as an animated puppet, and other puppets in different segments. A very similar ''Sandmänchen'' series, possibly conceived earlier, ran on West German television from 1 December 1959 until the [[German reunification]] in 1989. The East German show was continued on other German networks when DFF ended in 1991, and is one of the longest running animated series in the world.{{citation needed|date=March 2013}} The theatrical feature ''Das Sandmännchen – Abenteuer im Traumland'' (2010) was fully animated with stop-motion puppets.
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