Editing Syllable (section)

===Coda===
The '''coda''' (also known as '''auslaut''') comprises the [[consonant]] sounds of a syllable that follow the [[#Nucleus|nucleus]]. The sequence of nucleus and coda is called a [[#Rime|rime]]. Some syllables consist of only a nucleus, only an onset and a nucleus with no coda, or only a nucleus and coda with no onset.

The [[phonotactics]] of many languages forbid syllable codas. Examples are [[Swahili language|Swahili]] and [[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]]. In others, codas are restricted to a small subset of the consonants that appear in onset position. At a phonemic level in [[Japanese language|Japanese]], for example, a coda may only be a nasal (homorganic with any following consonant) or, in the middle of a word, [[gemination]] of the following consonant. (On a phonetic level, other codas occur due to elision of /i/ and /u/.) In other languages, nearly any consonant allowed as an onset is also allowed in the coda, even [[consonant cluster|clusters of consonants]]. In English, for example, all onset consonants except {{IPA|/h/}} are allowed as syllable codas.

If the coda consists of a consonant cluster, the sonority typically decreases from first to last, as in the English word ''help''. This is called the [[sonority hierarchy]] (or sonority scale).<ref>{{cite web |author1-first=Jonathan |author1-last=Harrington |author2-first=Felicity |author2-last=Cox |url=https://www.mq.edu.au/about/about-the-university/our-faculties/medicine-and-health-sciences/departments-and-centres/department-of-linguistics/our-research/phonetics-and-phonology/speech/phonetics-and-phonology/syllable-and-foot |title=Syllable and foot: The syllable and phonotactic constraints |website=Department of Linguistics |publisher=Macquarie University |date=August 2014 |access-date=21 June 2022}}</ref> English onset and coda clusters are therefore different. The onset {{IPA|/str/}} in ''strengths'' does not appear as a coda in any English word. However, some clusters do occur as both onsets and codas, such as {{IPA|/st/}} in ''stardust''. The sonority hierarchy is more strict in some languages and less strict in others.

====Open and closed====
{{Redirect|Checked syllable|checked syllables in Chinese|Checked tone}}
A coda-less syllable of the form V, CV, CCV, etc. (V = vowel, C = consonant) is called an '''open syllable''' or '''free syllable''', while a syllable that has a coda (VC, CVC, CVCC, etc.) is called a '''closed syllable''' or '''checked syllable'''. They have nothing to do with [[open vowel|open]] and [[close vowel]]s, but are defined according to the phoneme that ends the syllable: a vowel (open syllable) or a consonant (closed syllable). Almost all languages allow open syllables, but some, such as [[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]], do not have closed syllables.

When a syllable is not the last syllable in a word, the nucleus normally must be followed by two consonants in order for the syllable to be closed. This is because a single following consonant is typically considered the onset of the following syllable. For example, Spanish {{lang|es|casar}} ("to marry") is composed of an open syllable followed by a closed syllable (''ca-sar''), whereas {{lang|es|cansar}} "to get tired" is composed of two closed syllables (''can-sar''). When a [[Gemination|geminate]] (double) consonant occurs, the syllable boundary occurs in the middle, e.g. Italian {{lang|it|panna}} "cream" (''pan-na''); cf. Italian {{lang|it|pane}} "bread" (''pa-ne'').

English words may consist of a single closed syllable, with nucleus denoted by ν, and coda denoted by κ:
*i''n'': ν = {{IPA|/ɪ/}}, κ = {{IPA|/n/}}
*cu''p'': ν = {{IPA|/ʌ/}}, κ = {{IPA|/p/}}
*ta''ll'': ν = {{IPA|/ɔː/}}, κ = {{IPA|/l/}}
*mi''lk'': ν = {{IPA|/ɪ/}}, κ = {{IPA|/lk/}}
*ti''nts'': ν = {{IPA|/ɪ/}}, κ = {{IPA|/nts/}}
*fi''fths'': ν = {{IPA|/ɪ/}}, κ = {{IPA|/fθs/}}
*si''xths'': ν = {{IPA|/ɪ/}}, κ = {{IPA|/ksθs/}}
*twe''lfths'': ν = {{IPA|/ɛ/}}, κ = {{IPA|/lfθs/}}
*stre''ngths'': ν = {{IPA|/ɛ/}}, κ = {{IPA|/ŋθs/}}

English words may also consist of a single open syllable, ending in a nucleus, without a coda:
*''glue'', ν = {{IPA|/uː/}}
*''pie'', ν = {{IPA|/aɪ/}}
*''though'', ν = {{IPA|/oʊ/}}
*''boy'', ν = {{IPA|/ɔɪ/}}

A list of examples of syllable codas in English is found at [[English phonology#Coda]].

====Null coda====
Some languages, such as [[Hawaiian phonology#Phonotactics|Hawaiian]], forbid codas, so that all syllables are open.