Editing Toothache (section)

===Non-dental===
[[File:Angina pectoris.png|thumb|right|Discomfort caused by coronary artery disease can radiate to the neck, lower jaw and teeth]]
{{See also|Orofacial pain}}
Non-dental causes of toothache are much less common as compared with dental causes.  In a toothache of neurovascular origin, pain is reported in the teeth in conjunction with a [[migraine]]. Local and distant structures (such as ear, brain, [[carotid artery]], or heart) can also [[referred pain|refer pain]] to the teeth.<ref name=Sharav2008 />{{rp|80,81}} Other non-dental causes of toothache include [[myofascial pain]] (muscle pain) and [[angina pectoris]] (which classically refers pain to the lower jaw).  Very rarely, toothache can be [[psychogenic pain|psychogenic]] in origin.<ref name=Hargreaves2011 />{{rp|57–58}}

Disorders of the [[maxillary sinus]] can be referred to the upper back teeth. The posterior, middle and anterior superior alveolar nerves are all closely associated with the lining of the sinus. The bone between the floor of the maxillary sinus and the roots of the upper back teeth is very thin, and frequently the apices of these teeth disrupt the contour of the sinus floor. Consequently, acute or chronic maxillary [[sinusitis]] can be perceived as maxillary toothache,<ref name=Renton2012 /> and [[neoplasm]]s of the sinus (such as [[adenoid cystic carcinoma]])<ref name=Barnes2009 />{{rp|390}} can cause similarly perceived toothache if malignant invasion of the superior alveolar nerves occurs.<ref name=Regezi2011>{{cite book|vauthors=Regezi JA, Sciubba JJ, Jordan RK |title=Oral pathology : clinical pathologic correlations|year=2011|publisher=Elsevier/Saunders|location=St. Louis, Mo.|isbn=978-1-4557-0262-6|edition=6th}}</ref>{{rp|72}} Classically, sinusitis pain increases upon [[Valsalva maneuver]]s or tilting the head forward.<ref name=Ferguson2014>{{cite journal|last1=Ferguson|first1=M|title=Rhinosinusitis in oral medicine and dentistry.|journal=Australian Dental Journal|date=May 23, 2014|pmid=24861778|doi=10.1111/adj.12193|volume=59|issue=3|pages=289–295|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Painful conditions which do not originate from the teeth or their supporting structures may affect the oral mucosa of the gums and be interpreted by the individual as toothache. Examples include neoplasms of the gingival or [[alveolar mucosa]] (usually [[squamous cell carcinoma]]),<ref name=Barnes2009>{{cite book|author=Barnes L|title=Surgical pathology of the head and neck|year=2009|publisher=Informa healthcare|location=New York|isbn=978-1-4200-9163-2|edition=3rd}}</ref>{{rp|299}} conditions which cause [[gingivostomatitis]] and [[desquamative gingivitis]]. Various conditions may involve the alveolar bone, and cause non-odontogenic toothache, such as [[Burkitt's lymphoma]],<ref name=Regezi2011 />{{rp|340}} [[Infarction|infarct]]s in the jaws caused by [[sickle cell disease]],<ref name=Scully2010>{{cite book|author=Scully C|title=Medical problems in dentistry|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone|location=Edinburgh|isbn=978-0-7020-3057-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PHLvOVaB0AEC&q=medical+problems+in+dentistry|edition=6th}}</ref>{{rp|214}} and [[osteomyelitis of the jaws|osteomyelitis]].<ref name=Shafer2010>{{cite book|last=Rajendran R|title=Shafer's textbook of oral pathology.|year=2010|publisher=Reed Elsevier|location=[S.l.]|isbn=978-81-312-1570-8}}</ref>{{rp|497}} Various conditions of the trigeminal nerve can masquerade as toothache, including trigeminal [[zoster]] (maxillary or mandibular division),<ref name=Scully2010 />{{rp|487}} [[trigeminal neuralgia]],<ref name=Renton2012>{{cite journal|vauthors=Renton T, Durham J, Aggarwal VR |title=The classification and differential diagnosis of orofacial pain.|journal=Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics|date=May 2012|volume=12|issue=5|pages=569–76|pmid=22550985|doi=10.1586/ern.12.40|s2cid=32890328}}</ref> [[cluster headache]],<ref name=Renton2012 /> and trigeminal [[neuropathy|neuropathies]].<ref name=Renton2012 /> Very rarely, a [[brain tumor]] might cause toothache.<ref name=Sharav2008 />{{rp|80,81}} Another chronic facial pain syndrome which can mimic toothache is [[temporomandibular disorder]] (temporomandibular joint pain-dysfunction syndrome),<ref name=Renton2012 /> which is very common.  Toothache which has no identifiable dental or medical cause is often termed [[atypical odontalgia]], which, in turn, is usually considered a type of atypical facial pain (or persistent idiopathic facial pain).<ref name=Renton2012 /> Atypical odontalgia may give very unusual symptoms, such as pain which migrates from one tooth to another and which crosses anatomical boundaries (such as from the left teeth to the right teeth). {{citation needed|date=April 2014}}