Editing Transdermal patch (section)

=== Application ===

==== MNPs as vaccine delivery platform ====
[[File:ZOSTAVAX (shingles (herpes zoster) vaccine (live)) (United Kingdom).jpg|thumb|A set of conventional vaccine apparatus needed to be transported.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Home - electronic medicines compendium (emc)|url=https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc|access-date=2021-11-22|website=www.medicines.org.uk}}</ref>]]
MNPs vaccination might be an alternative from direct injection. Able to deliver bigger molecules than transdermal patch, MNPs can also deliver bioactive molecules with different physical sizes. Meaning that inactive virus or pathogen can be introduced in the body without discomfort or skin irritation from conventional injection. Possibly it can also reduce the cost of storage that usually needs to be transported in a particular temperature and condition. Stated in cdc.gov website, [[Mark Prausnitz]], co-developer of the microneedle, says "A major advantage of the microneedle patch would be the ease of delivery." The MNPs are small and thin compared to bottles of vial, making it possible to transport in massive quantities in a single trip.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=CDC|date=2021-11-19|title=CDC Works 24/7|url=https://www.cdc.gov/index.htm|access-date=2021-11-22|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> Medical waste such as syringes and dirty needles are also eliminated, reducing the possibility of pathogen transmission of blood-borne disease in rural areas.<ref name="dx.doi.org"/>

In a study, measles coated MNPs might be resistant to higher temperature compared to vial transport. Higher temperature resistance is a safe bet in low income countries, where there is no such luxury for refrigeration. Furthermore, the delivery of the vaccine is controlled by the MNPs. Less requiring highly trained medical workers in developing countries to apply the vaccine. However, the study in MNPs measles vaccine is still under development, but opening possibilities in the future for other types of vaccines<ref name=":3" />

==== MNPs for cosmetic and skin care ====
Skin treatment including face whitening agent and dark eye circles serum can also incorporated in MNPs.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Park|first1=Kui Young|last2=Kwon|first2=Hyun Jung|last3=Youn|first3=Choon Shik|last4=Seo|first4=Seong Jun|last5=Kim|first5=Myeong Nam|date=2018|title=Treatments of Infra-Orbital Dark Circles by Various Etiologies|journal=Annals of Dermatology|volume=30|issue=5|pages=522–528|doi=10.5021/ad.2018.30.5.522|pmid=33911473 |pmc=7992473 |issn=1013-9087}}</ref> Its localized property enhance skin whitening delivery to the face area. Even a very specific spot like dark eye circles. By measuring the melanin (dark or black pigment found on the skin) index, subjects that are treated with whitening agents coated in MNPs show lower melanin index, compared to the whitening essence (topical) group. The treatment lasts for eight weeks, and the result shows MNPs might be a promising cosmetic vector because MNPs does not introduce skin irritation and can be engineered to localize or specific parts of the body.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Park|first1=Kui Young|last2=Kwon|first2=Hyun Jung|last3=Lee|first3=Changjin|last4=Kim|first4=Daegun|last5=Yoon|first5=Jun Jin|last6=Kim|first6=Myeong Nam|last7=Kim|first7=Beom Joon|date=2017-06-02|title=Efficacy and safety of a new microneedle patch for skin brightening: A Randomized, split-face, single-blind study|journal=Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology|volume=16|issue=3|pages=382–387|doi=10.1111/jocd.12354|pmid=28574158 |s2cid=19414988 |issn=1473-2130}}</ref>