Editing Visual rhetoric (section)

=== Graffiti ===
[[Graffiti]] is a "pictorial or visual inscription on a {{sic|public|ally}} accessible surface."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hanauer|first=David|date=2011|title=The discursive construction of the separation wall at Abu Dis: Graffiti as political discourse|journal=Journal of Language and Politics|volume=10|issue=3|pages=301–321|doi=10.1075/jlp.10.3.01han}}</ref> According to Hanauer, Graffiti achieves three functions; the first is to allow marginalized texts to participate in the public discourse, the second is that graffiti serves the purpose of expressing openly "controversial contents", and the third is to allow "marginal groups to the possibility of expressing themselves publicly."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hanauer|first=David|date=2004|title=Silence, voice and erasure: psychological embodiment in graffiti at the site of Prime Minister Rabin's assassination|journal=The Arts in Psychotherapy|volume=31|pages=29–35|doi=10.1016/j.aip.2004.01.001}}</ref> Bates and Martin note that this form of rhetoric has been around even in ancient Pompeii, with an example from 79 A.D. reading, "Oh wall, so many men have come here to scrawl, I wonder that your burdened sides don't fall".<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bates|first=John|date=1980|title=The thematic content of graffiti as a nonreactive indicator of male and female attitudes|journal=The Journal of Sex Research|volume=16|issue=4|pages=300–315|doi=10.1080/00224498009551087}}</ref> Gross and Gross indicated that graffiti is capable of serving a rhetorical purpose.<ref>{{cite journal |id={{Gale|A14540573}} {{ProQuest|1290169516}} |last1=Gross |first1=Daniel D. |last2=Gross |first2=Timothy D. |title=Tagging: changing visual patterns and the rhetorical implications of a new form of graffiti |journal=Etc |date=22 September 1993 |volume=50 |issue=3 |pages=250–265 }}</ref> Within a more modern context, Wiens' (2014) research showed that graffiti can be considered an alternative way of creating rhetorical meaning for issues such as homelessness.<ref>{{cite thesis |last1=Wiens |first1=Brianna Ivy |title=Home Is Where the Spray-Painted Heart Is: Graffiti as Rhetorical Resistance on Skid Row |url=https://scholar.colorado.edu/concern/graduate_thesis_or_dissertations/rx913q29h }}</ref> Furthermore, according to Ley and Cybriwsky graffiti can be an expression of territory, especially within the context of gangs.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ley |first1=David |last2=Cybriwsky |first2=Roman |title=Urban Graffiti as Territorial Markers |journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers |date=December 1974 |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=491–505 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-8306.1974.tb00998.x |s2cid=41530734 }}</ref> This form of visual rhetoric is meant to communicate meaning to anyone who so happens to see it, and due to its long history and prevalence, several styles and techniques have emerged to capture the attention of an audience.