Editing Anger (section)

== Physiology ==
[[File:Anger during a protest by David Shankbone.jpg|thumb|An angry exchange between two people, as evidenced by their [[body language]] and [[facial expression]]s. To hear the angry exchange, listen to the audio below.]]
[[File:Ds300004.ogg|thumb|Audio file of an angry exchange at a protest.]]
[[Neuroscience]] has shown that emotions are generated by multiple structures in the [[Human brain|brain]]. The rapid, minimal, and evaluative processing of the emotional significance of the sensory data is done when the data passes through the [[amygdala]] in its travel from the [[Sense|sensory organs]] along certain [[neural pathway]]s towards the [[limbic]] [[forebrain]]. Emotion caused by discrimination of stimulus features, thoughts, or memories occurs when its information is relayed from the [[thalamus]] to the [[neocortex]].<ref name="Britannica11"/> Based on some [[Statistics|statistical analysis]], some scholars have suggested that the tendency for anger may be [[Heredity|genetic]]. Distinguishing between genetic and [[environmental factor]]s requires further research and actual measurement of specific genes and environments.<ref>Xiaoling Wang, Ranak Trivedi, Frank Treiber, and Harold Snieder, ''Genetic and Environmental Influences on Anger Expression, John Henryism, and Stressful Life Events: The Georgia Cardiovascular Twin Study'', Psychosomatic Medicine 67:16–23 (2005)</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=81 |title=Understanding Genetics |publisher=Thetech.org |date=2005-01-06 |access-date=2014-04-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319224429/http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=81 |archive-date=2012-03-19 }}</ref>

In [[neuroimaging]] studies of anger, the most consistently activated region of the brain was the lateral [[orbitofrontal cortex]].<ref>International Handbook of Anger. ''Chapt 4: Constructing a Neurology of Anger''. Michael Potegal and Gerhard Stemmler. 2010</ref> This region is associated with approach motivation and positive affective processes.<ref>International Handbook of Anger. ''Chapt 17''. Michael Potegal and Gerhard Stemmler. 2010</ref>

The external expression of anger can be found in physiological responses, facial expressions, [[body language]], and at times in public acts of aggression.<ref name="OxfDic"/> The [[rib cage]] tenses and [[breathing]] through the nose becomes faster, deeper, and irregular.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Philippot|first1=Pierre|last2=Chapelle|first2=Gaëtane|last3=Blairy|first3=Sylvie|title=Respiratory feedback in the generation of emotion|journal=Cognition & Emotion|date=August 2002|volume=16|issue=5|pages=605–627|doi=10.1080/02699930143000392|s2cid=146185970|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232965660|access-date=18 March 2017}}</ref> Anger activates the [[hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Moons|first1=Wesley G.|last2=Eisenberger|first2=Naomi I.|last3=Taylor|first3=Shelley E.|title=Anger and fear responses to stress have different biological profiles|journal=Brain, Behavior, and Immunity|date=February 2010|volume=24|issue=2|pages=215–219|doi=10.1016/j.bbi.2009.08.009|pmid=19732822|s2cid=8099653|url=https://sanlab.psych.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/31/2015/05/Moons2010BrainBehavImmunity.pdf|access-date=18 March 2017|archive-date=18 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318174757/https://sanlab.psych.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/31/2015/05/Moons2010BrainBehavImmunity.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[catecholamine]] activation is more strongly [[norepinephrine]] than [[epinephrin]]e.<ref name="EncPsy"/> Heart rate and blood pressure increase. Blood flows to the hands. Perspiration increases (particularly when the anger is intense).<ref>[[Paul Ekman]], ''Emotions Revealed: Recognizing Faces and Feelings to Improve Communication'', Holt Paperbacks, {{ISBN|0-8050-7516-X}}, 2004, p. 63</ref> The face flushes. The nostrils flare. The jaw tenses. The brow muscles move inward and downward, fixing a hard stare on the target. The arms are raised and a squared-off stance is adopted. The body is mobilized for immediate action, often manifesting as a subjective sense of strength, self-assurance, and potency. This may encourage the impulse to strike out.<ref name="EncPsy"/>