Editing Anger management (section)

===Children and adolescents===
The ability for young children to understand their emotions and how to react in certain situations can greatly increase their chance of expressing themselves in an appropriate manner. A 2010 study from the ''Journal of Applied School Psychology'' looked at four 4th grade boys who took part in different activities with the [[school psychologist]], ranging from how to deal with emotions to practicing anger reduction strategies. They found a positive correlation between partaking in these meetings and less anger expressing in a multitude of locations (school, home, etc.).<ref name="Sportsman">{{cite journal|author1=Sportsman, E. L.|author2=Carlson, J. S.|author3=Guthrie, K. M.|name-list-style=amp|year=2010|title=Lesson learned from leading an anger management group using the "seeing red" curriculum within an elementary school|journal=Journal of Applied School Psychology|volume=26|issue=4|pages=339–350|doi=10.1080/15377903.2010.518823|s2cid=144343752}}</ref>

Anger management programs with a cognitive-behavioral basis have been modified for children and adolescents. There are three common types of CBT aimed at the youth. First, [[life skills]] development (communication, empathy, assertiveness, etc.) uses modeling to teach appropriate reactions to anger. Second, effective education focuses on identifying the feelings of anger and relaxation. Finally, problem solving conveys a view of cause and effect for situations as an alternative to anger.<ref>{{cite journal|first=P.C|last=Kendall|title=Cognitive-behavioral therapies with youth: Guiding theory, current status, and emerging developments|journal=Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology|volume=61|issue=2|pages=235–47|year=1993|pmid=8473577|doi=10.1037/0022-006X.61.2.235|citeseerx=10.1.1.457.2983}}</ref> A wide range of methods can be used to convey these three components, with both age and severity being important factors. For younger children, involvement can be increased by presenting anger management in more of a fun format with educational games and activities being available.<ref>{{cite book|author=Plummer, D. M.|year=2008|title=Anger management games for children|location=London, GBR|publisher=Jessica Kingsley Publishers}}</ref> For adolescents, group therapy can be an effective form given the resemblance to the individual's natural social environment.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Snyder, K. v.|author2=Kymissis, P.|author3=Kessler, K.|name-list-style=amp|year=1999|title=Anger management for adolescents: Efficacy of brief group therapy|journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry|volume=38|issue=11|pages=1409–16|pmid=10560228|doi=10.1097/00004583-199911000-00016}}</ref> The severity of expressed anger issues often relates to the intensity of the subsequent anger management program. A few violent outbursts in a classroom setting could result in several sessions with the school's counselor. However, more severe [[juvenile delinquency]] could result in court-mandated anger management sessions in a juvenile correctional facility.

The effectiveness of anger management has been studied in children and adolescents for the purpose of evaluating existing programs and designing more effective programs. In a meta-analyses of 40 studies, an overall effect size of 0.67 was found for CBT anger management treatment, suggesting anger management as a legitimate approach to problematic levels of anger. Skills development (0.79) and problem solving (0.67) both had a higher impact than affective education (0.36). This was believed to be due to behavioral aspects being more easily conveyed than cognitive for children.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Sukhodolsky, D.|author2=Kassinove, H.|author3=Gorman, B.|name-list-style=amp|year=2004|title=Cognitive-behavioral therapy for anger in children and adolescents: A meta-analysis|journal=Aggression and Violent Behavior|volume= 9|issue=3|pages=247–269|doi=10.1016/j.avb.2003.08.005}}</ref> The true value from early interventions aimed at youths comes from the preventative aspect. Curbing negative behaviors early in life could lead to a more positive outlook as an adult.<ref name=Candelaria>{{cite journal|author1=Candelaria, A. M.|author2=Fedewa, A. L.|author3=Ahn, S.|name-list-style=amp|year=2012|title=The effects of anger management on children's social and emotional outcomes: A meta-analysis|journal=School Psychology International|volume=33|issue=6|pages=596–614|doi=10.1177/0143034312454360|s2cid=146223678}}</ref>