Editing Backpropagation (section)

=== After backpropagation ===
During the 2000s it fell out of favour{{citation needed|date=February 2022}}, but returned in the 2010s, benefiting from cheap, powerful [[GPU]]-based computing systems. This has been especially so in [[speech recognition]], [[machine vision]], [[natural language processing]], and language structure learning research (in which it has been used to explain a variety of phenomena related to first<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Chang|first1=Franklin|last2=Dell|first2=Gary S.|last3=Bock|first3=Kathryn|date=2006|title=Becoming syntactic.|journal=Psychological Review|volume=113|issue=2|pages=234–272|doi=10.1037/0033-295x.113.2.234|pmid=16637761}}</ref> and second language learning.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Janciauskas|first1=Marius|last2=Chang|first2=Franklin|title=Input and Age-Dependent Variation in Second Language Learning: A Connectionist Account|journal=Cognitive Science|volume=42|pages=519–554|doi=10.1111/cogs.12519|pmid=28744901|pmc=6001481|year=2018|issue=Suppl Suppl 2 }}</ref>)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Decoding the Power of Backpropagation: A Deep Dive into Advanced Neural Network Techniques |url=https://www.janbasktraining.com/tutorials/backpropagation-in-deep-learning |website=janbasktraining.com |date=30 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

Error backpropagation has been suggested to explain human brain [[event-related potential]] (ERP) components like the [[N400 (neuroscience)|N400]] and [[P600 (neuroscience)|P600]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Fitz|first1=Hartmut|last2=Chang|first2=Franklin|date=2019|title=Language ERPs reflect learning through prediction error propagation|journal=Cognitive Psychology|language=en|volume=111|pages=15–52|doi=10.1016/j.cogpsych.2019.03.002|pmid=30921626|hdl=21.11116/0000-0003-474D-8|s2cid=85501792|hdl-access=free}}</ref>

In 2023, a backpropagation algorithm was implemented on a [[photonic processor]] by a team at [[Stanford University]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Photonic Chips Curb AI Training's Energy Appetite - IEEE Spectrum |url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/backpropagation-optical-ai |access-date=2023-05-25 |website=[[IEEE]] |language=en}}</ref>