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Beja language
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====Tense-conjugated forms==== =====Past continuous/aorist===== The past continuous stem for strong verbs is not derivable from any other verb stem. The negative of the past continuous is identical to that of the past: There is only one past tense negative form. For both weak and strong verbs, the past negative is formed through a deverbal participial or converbal form (see above) followed by the present negative of the irregular verb {{lang|bej-Latn|aka}} "to be".{{sfn|Wedekind|Wedekind|Musa|2007|p=101}} Wedekind, Wedekind, and Musa describe the past continuous as being used for "habitual, repeated actions of the (more distant) past."{{sfn|Wedekind|Wedekind|Musa|2007|p=155}} It is the verb conjugation used for counterfactual conditionals, which leads to Roper's identifying this tense as the "conditional". It is also frequently used in narratives.{{sfnm|1a1=Wedekind|1a2=Wedekind|1a3=Musa|1y=2007|1p=183|2a1=Vanhove|2y=2014|2loc=§3.2.2.1}} {{columns-start}} {| class="wikitable" |+ Weak Verb: {{lang|bej-Latn|giigaa}} "go away" |- ! || Positive || Negative |- ! {{gcl|1SG}} | {{lang|bej-Latn|giig-i}} || {{lang|bej-Latn|giig-aab kaaki}} |- ! {{gcl|2SG}}.{{gcl|M}} | {{lang|bej-Latn|giig-tiya}} || {{lang|bej-Latn|giig-aab kittaa}} |- ! {{gcl|2SG}}.{{gcl|F}} | {{lang|bej-Latn|giig-tiyi}} || {{lang|bej-Latn|giig-aat kittaayi}} |- ! {{gcl|3SG}}.{{gcl|M}} | {{lang|bej-Latn|giig-i}} || {{lang|bej-Latn|giig-aab kiiki}} |- ! {{gcl|3SG}}.{{gcl|F}} | {{lang|bej-Latn|giig-ti}} || {{lang|bej-Latn|giig-aat kitti}} |- ! {{gcl|1PL}} | {{lang|bej-Latn|giig-ni}} || {{lang|bej-Latn|giig-aab kinki}} |- ! {{gcl|2PL}} | {{lang|bej-Latn|giig-tiina}} || {{lang|bej-Latn|giig-aab kitteena}} |- ! {{gcl|3PL}} | {{lang|bej-Latn|giig-iin}} || {{lang|bej-Latn|giig-aab kiikeen}} |} {{column}} {| class="wikitable" |+ Strong Verb: {{lang|bej-Latn|fidiga}} "open" |- ! || Positive || Negative |- ! {{gcl|1SG}} | {{lang|bej-Latn|iifdig}} || {{lang|bej-Latn|fidg-aab kaaki}} |- ! {{gcl|2SG}}.{{gcl|M}} | {{lang|bej-Latn|t-iifdig-a}} || {{lang|bej-Latn|fidg-aab kittaa}} |- ! {{gcl|2SG}}.{{gcl|F}} | {{lang|bej-Latn|t-iifdig-i}} || {{lang|bej-Latn|fidg-aat kittaayi}} |- ! {{gcl|3SG}}.{{gcl|M}} | {{lang|bej-Latn|iifdig}} || {{lang|bej-Latn|fidg-aab kiiki}} |- ! {{gcl|3SG}}.{{gcl|F}} | {{lang|bej-Latn|t-iifdig}} || {{lang|bej-Latn|fidg-aab kitti}} |- ! {{gcl|1PL}} | {{lang|bej-Latn|n-iifdig}} || {{lang|bej-Latn|fidg-aab kinki}} |- ! {{gcl|2PL}} | {{lang|bej-Latn|t-iifdig-na}} || {{lang|bej-Latn|fidg-aab kitteena}} |- ! {{gcl|3PL}} | {{lang|bej-Latn|iifdig-na}} || {{lang|bej-Latn|fidg-aab kiikeen}} |} {{columns-end}} =====Past/perfective===== The past or perfective stem for strong verbs is identical to the citation form (imperative) stem, with predictable phonetic modifications.{{sfn|Wedekind|Wedekind|Musa|2007|p=100}} The negative is identical to that of the past continuous/aorist (above). {{columns-start}} {| class="wikitable" |+ Weak verb: {{lang|bej-Latn|giigaa}} "go away" |- ! || Positive || Negative |- ! {{gcl|1SG}} | {{lang|bej-Latn|giig-an}} || {{lang|bej-Latn|giig-aab kaaki}} |- ! {{gcl|2SG}}.{{gcl|M}} | {{lang|bej-Latn|giig-taa}} || {{lang|bej-Latn|giig-aab kittaa}} |- ! {{gcl|2SG}}.{{gcl|F}} | {{lang|bej-Latn|giig-taayi}} || {{lang|bej-Latn|giig-aat kittaayi}} |- ! {{gcl|3SG}}.{{gcl|M}} | {{lang|bej-Latn|giig-iya}} || {{lang|bej-Latn|giig-aab kiiki}} |- ! {{gcl|3SG}}.{{gcl|F}} | {{lang|bej-Latn|giig-ta}} || {{lang|bej-Latn|giig-aat kitti}} |- ! {{gcl|1PL}} | {{lang|bej-Latn|giig-na}} || {{lang|bej-Latn|giig-aab kinki}} |- ! {{gcl|2PL}} | {{lang|bej-Latn|giig-taana}} || {{lang|bej-Latn|giig-aab kitteena}} |- ! {{gcl|3PL}} | {{lang|bej-Latn|giig-iyaan}} || {{lang|bej-Latn|giig-aab kiikeen}} |} {{column}} {| class="wikitable" |+ Strong verb: {{lang|bej-Latn|fidiga}} "open" |- ! || Positive || Negative |- ! {{gcl|1SG}} | {{lang|bej-Latn|a-fdig}} || {{lang|bej-Latn|fidg-aab kaaki}} |- ! {{gcl|2SG}}.{{gcl|M}} | {{lang|bej-Latn|ti-fdig-a}} || {{lang|bej-Latn|fidg-aab kittaa}} |- ! {{gcl|2SG}}.{{gcl|F}} | {{lang|bej-Latn|ti-fdig-i}} || {{lang|bej-Latn|fidg-aat kittaayi}} |- ! {{gcl|3SG}}.{{gcl|M}} | {{lang|bej-Latn|i-fdig}} || {{lang|bej-Latn|fidg-aab kiiki}} |- ! {{gcl|3SG}}.{{gcl|F}} | {{lang|bej-Latn|ti-fdig}} || {{lang|bej-Latn|fidg-aab kitti}} |- ! {{gcl|1PL}} | {{lang|bej-Latn|ni-fdig}} || {{lang|bej-Latn|fidg-aab kinki}} |- ! {{gcl|2PL}} | {{lang|bej-Latn|ti-fdig-na}} || {{lang|bej-Latn|fidg-aab kitteena}} |- ! {{gcl|3PL}} | {{lang|bej-Latn|i-fdig-na}} || {{lang|bej-Latn|fidg-aab kiikeen}} |} {{columns-end}} =====Present/imperfective===== The present or imperfective has two stems for positive strong verbs, while the negative strong stem is identical to that used for the imperative (and thus also for past/perfective verbs).{{sfn|Wedekind|Wedekind|Musa|2007|p=100}} Weak negative verbs add the prefix {{lang|bej-Latn|ka-}} to positive past/perfective forms. {{columns-start}} {| class="wikitable" |+ Weak verb: {{lang|bej-Latn|giigaa}} "go away" |- ! || Positive || Negative |- ! {{gcl|1SG}} | {{lang|bej-Latn|giig-ani}} || {{lang|bej-Latn|ka-giig-an}} |- ! {{gcl|2SG}}.{{gcl|M}} | {{lang|bej-Latn|giig-tiniya}} || {{lang|bej-Latn|ka-giig-taa}} |- ! {{gcl|2SG}}.{{gcl|F}} | {{lang|bej-Latn|giig-tinii}} || {{lang|bej-Latn|ka-giig-taayi}} |- ! {{gcl|3SG}}.{{gcl|M}} | {{lang|bej-Latn|giig-inii}} || {{lang|bej-Latn|ka-giig-iya}} |- ! {{gcl|3SG}}.{{gcl|F}} | {{lang|bej-Latn|giig-tini}} || {{lang|bej-Latn|ka-giig-ta}} |- ! {{gcl|1PL}} | {{lang|bej-Latn|giig-nay}} || {{lang|bej-Latn|ka-giig-na}} |- ! {{gcl|2PL}} | {{lang|bej-Latn|giig-teena}} || {{lang|bej-Latn|ka-giig-taana}} |- ! {{gcl|3PL}} | {{lang|bej-Latn|giig-een}} || {{lang|bej-Latn|ka-giig-iyaan}} |} {{column}} {| class="wikitable" |+ Strong verb: {{lang|bej-Latn|fidiga}} "open" |- ! || Positive || Negative |- ! {{gcl|1SG}} | {{lang|bej-Latn|a-fandiig}} || {{lang|bej-Latn|kaa-fdig}} |- ! {{gcl|2SG}}.{{gcl|M}} | {{lang|bej-Latn|fandiig-a}} || {{lang|bej-Latn|kit-fidig-a}} |- ! {{gcl|2SG}}.{{gcl|F}} | {{lang|bej-Latn|fandiig-i}} || {{lang|bej-Latn|kit-fidig-i}} |- ! {{gcl|3SG}}.{{gcl|M}} | {{lang|bej-Latn|fandiig}} || {{lang|bej-Latn|kii-fdig}} |- ! {{gcl|3SG}}.{{gcl|F}} | {{lang|bej-Latn|fandiig}} || {{lang|bej-Latn|kit-fidig}} |- ! {{gcl|1PL}} | {{lang|bej-Latn|ni-fadig}} || {{lang|bej-Latn|kin-fdig}} |- ! {{gcl|2PL}} | {{lang|bej-Latn|ti-fadig-na}} || {{lang|bej-Latn|kit-fidig-na}} |- ! {{gcl|3PL}} | {{lang|bej-Latn|i-fadig-na}} || {{lang|bej-Latn|kii-fdig-na}} |} {{columns-end}} =====Future===== The strong future stem is described differently by Wedekind, Wedekind, and Musa and by Vanhove. Both agree that it is a fixed stem followed by a present/imperfective conjugated form of the verb {{lang|bej-Latn|diya}} "to say." Wedekind, Wedekind, and Musa's strong stem is similar to the past continuous/aorist stem (next section), and identical for all numbers, genders, and persons, except the first person plural, which has a prefixed {{lang|bej-Latn|n-}}. For Vanhove, there are distinct singular and plural stems which are identical to the past continuous/aorist first person singular and plural, respectively.{{sfnm|1a1=Wedekind|1a2=Wedekind|1a3=Musa|1y=2007|1p=101|2a1=Vanhove|2y=2014|2loc=§3.2.6.2}} Similarly, for weak verbs, Wedekind, Wedekind, and Musa have a future stem ending in {{lang|bej-Latn|-i}} with a first person plural {{lang|bej-Latn|-ni}}, followed by a present tense/imperfective conjugation of {{lang|bej-Latn|diya}}. Vanhove sees the {{lang|bej-Latn|-i}} as a singular future, and the {{lang|bej-Latn|-ni}} as a general plural. For negative verbs, the negative present/imperfective of {{lang|bej-Latn|diya}} is used as the conjugated auxiliary. {{columns-start}} {| class="wikitable" |+ Weak Verb: {{lang|bej-Latn|giigaa}} "go away" |- ! || Positive || Negative |- ! {{gcl|1SG}} | {{lang|bej-Latn|giig-i andi}} || {{lang|bej-Latn|giig-i kaadi}} |- ! {{gcl|2SG}}.{{gcl|M}} | {{lang|bej-Latn|giig-i tindiya}} || {{lang|bej-Latn|giig-i kiddiya}} |- ! {{gcl|2SG}}.{{gcl|F}} | {{lang|bej-Latn|giig-i tindii}} || {{lang|bej-Latn|giig-i kiddiyi}} |- ! {{gcl|3SG}}.{{gcl|M}} | {{lang|bej-Latn|giig-i indi}} || {{lang|bej-Latn|giig-i kiidi}} |- ! {{gcl|3SG}}.{{gcl|F}} | {{lang|bej-Latn|giig-i tindi}} || {{lang|bej-Latn|giig-i kiddi}} |- ! {{gcl|1PL}} | {{lang|bej-Latn|giig-ni neeyad}} || {{lang|bej-Latn|giig-ni kindi}} |- ! {{gcl|2PL}} | {{lang|bej-Latn|giig-i teeyadna}} (Vanhove: {{lang|bej-Latn|giig-ni teeyadna}}) || {{lang|bej-Latn|giig-i kiddiina}} (Vanhove: {{lang|bej-Latn|giig-ni kiddiina}}) |- ! {{gcl|3PL}} | {{lang|bej-Latn|giig-i eeyadna}} (Vanhove: {{lang|bej-Latn|giig-ni eeyadna}}) || {{lang|bej-Latn|giig-i kiidiin}} (Vanhove: {{lang|bej-Latn|giig-ni kiidiin}}) |} {{column}} {| class="wikitable" |+ Strong Verb: {{lang|bej-Latn|fidiga}} "open" |- ! || Positive || Negative |- ! {{gcl|1SG}} | {{lang|bej-Latn|iifdig andi}} || {{lang|bej-Latn|iifdig kaadi}} |- ! {{gcl|2SG}}.{{gcl|M}} | {{lang|bej-Latn|iifdig tindiya}} || {{lang|bej-Latn|iifdig kiddiya}} |- ! {{gcl|2SG}}.{{gcl|F}} | {{lang|bej-Latn|iifdig tindii}} || {{lang|bej-Latn|iifdig kiddiyi}} |- ! {{gcl|3SG}}.{{gcl|M}} | {{lang|bej-Latn|iifdig indi}} || {{lang|bej-Latn|iifdig kiidi}} |- ! {{gcl|3SG}}.{{gcl|F}} | {{lang|bej-Latn|iifdig tindi}} || {{lang|bej-Latn|iifdig kiddi}} |- ! {{gcl|1PL}} | {{lang|bej-Latn|niifdig neeyad}} || {{lang|bej-Latn|niifdig kindi}} |- ! {{gcl|2PL}} | {{lang|bej-Latn|iifdig teeyadna}} (Vanhove: {{lang|bej-Latn|niifdig teeyadna}}) || {{lang|bej-Latn|iifdig kiddiina}} (Vanhove: {{lang|bej-Latn|niifdig kiddiina}}) |- ! {{gcl|3PL}} | {{lang|bej-Latn|iifdig eeyadna}} (Vanhove: {{lang|bej-Latn|niifdig eeyadna}}) || {{lang|bej-Latn|iifdig kiidiin}} (Vanhove: {{lang|bej-Latn|niifdig kiidiin}}) |} {{columns-end}} (NB: Wedekind, Wedekind, and Musa see verbs of the form CiCiC as having identical past continuous [aorist] and future stems. Some verbs of other forms have different stems, which would lead to a greater divergence between the forms described by them and those described by Vanhove.) E.M. Roper, describing the same dialect as Vanhove, identifies the stem employed as being identical to the past continuous/aorist (for him, "conditional"—see above), just as Vanhove does. However, he understands the form with {{lang|bej-Latn|n-}} as being used only with the first person plural, as Wedekind, Wedekind, and Musa do.{{sfn|Roper|1928|loc=§183}} ======Intentional/desiderative====== In addition to the future, Bidhaawyeet has a similar form expressing desire to undertake an act or intention to do so. The citation root takes a suffix {{lang|bej-Latn|-a}} for all persons, genders, and numbers, and is followed by a present tense/imperfective conjugated form of the verb {{lang|bej-Latn|diya}} "to say", as the future is.{{sfnm|1a1=Wedekind|1a2=Wedekind|1a3=Musa|1y=2007|1pp=154–155|2a1=Vanhove|2y=2014|2loc=§3.2.6.3}}
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