Editing Brain–computer interface (section)

====Endovascular====
A systematic review published in 2020 detailed multiple clinical and non-clinical studies investigating the feasibility of endovascular BCIs.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Soldozy S, Young S, Kumar JS, Capek S, Felbaum DR, Jean WC, Park MS, Syed HR | display-authors = 6 | title = A systematic review of endovascular stent-electrode arrays, a minimally invasive approach to brain-machine interfaces | language = en-US | journal = Neurosurgical Focus | volume = 49 | issue = 1 | pages = E3 | date = July 2020 | pmid = 32610291 | doi = 10.3171/2020.4.FOCUS20186 | s2cid = 220308983 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

In 2010, researchers affiliated with University of Melbourne began developing a BCI that could be inserted via the vascular system. Australian neurologist [[Thomas Oxley (Mount Sinai Hospital)|Thomas Oxley]] conceived the idea for this BCI, called Stentrode, earning funding from [[DARPA]]. Preclinical studies evaluated the technology in sheep.<ref name=":7" />

[[Stentrode]] is a monolithic [[Stent-electrode recording array|stent electrode array]] designed to be delivered via an intravenous catheter under image-guidance to the [[superior sagittal sinus]], in the region which lies adjacent to the [[motor cortex]].<ref name=":4">{{cite book | vauthors = Opie N | title = Brain-Computer Interface Research| chapter = The StentrodeTM Neural Interface System|date=2021 |pages=127–132| veditors = Guger C, Allison BZ, Tangermann M |series=SpringerBriefs in Electrical and Computer Engineering|place=Cham|publisher=Springer International Publishing |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-60460-8_13 |isbn = 978-3-030-60460-8 | s2cid = 234102889}}</ref> This proximity enables Stentrode to measure neural activity. The procedure is most similar to how venous sinus stents are placed for the treatment of [[idiopathic intracranial hypertension]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Teleb MS, Cziep ME, Lazzaro MA, Gheith A, Asif K, Remler B, Zaidat OO | title = Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension. A Systematic Analysis of Transverse Sinus Stenting | journal = Interventional Neurology | volume = 2 | issue = 3 | pages = 132–143 | date = May 2014 | pmid = 24999351 | pmc = 4080637 | doi = 10.1159/000357503 }}</ref> Stentrode communicates neural activity to a battery-less telemetry unit implanted in the chest, which communicates wirelessly with an external telemetry unit capable of power and data transfer. While an endovascular BCI benefits from avoiding a [[craniotomy]] for insertion, risks such as [[Thrombus|clotting]] and [[venous thrombosis]] exist.<!--In pre-clinical animal studies implanted with Stentrode, twenty animals showed no evidence of thrombus formation after 190 days, possibly due to endothelial incorporation of the Stentrode into the vessel wall.<ref name=":4" />-->

Human trials with Stentrode were underway as of 2021.<ref name=":4" /> In November 2020, two participants with [[amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]] were able to wirelessly control an operating system to text, email, shop, and bank using direct thought using Stentrode,<ref>{{cite web | vauthors = Bryson S |title=Stentrode Device Allows Computer Control by ALS Patients with Partial Upper Limb Paralysis |url=https://alsnewstoday.com/news-posts/2020/11/05/stentrode-device-allows-computer-control-by-als-patients-with-partial-upper-limb-paralysis |website=ALS News Today|date=5 November 2020 }}</ref> marking the first time a brain-computer interface was implanted via the patient's blood vessels, eliminating the need for brain surgery. In January 2023, researchers reported no serious adverse events during the first year for all four patients, who could use it to operate computers.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lanese |first1=Nicoletta |title=New 'thought-controlled' device reads brain activity through the jugular |url=https://www.livescience.com/brain-computer-interface-through-vein-safety |access-date=16 February 2023 |work=livescience.com |date=12 January 2023 |language=en |archive-date=16 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216220922/https://www.livescience.com/brain-computer-interface-through-vein-safety |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mitchell |first1=Peter |last2=Lee |first2=Sarah C. M. |last3=Yoo |first3=Peter E. |last4=Morokoff |first4=Andrew |last5=Sharma |first5=Rahul P. |last6=Williams |first6=Daryl L. |last7=MacIsaac |first7=Christopher |last8=Howard |first8=Mark E. |last9=Irving |first9=Lou |last10=Vrljic |first10=Ivan |last11=Williams |first11=Cameron |last12=Bush |first12=Steven |last13=Balabanski |first13=Anna H. |last14=Drummond |first14=Katharine J. |last15=Desmond |first15=Patricia |last16=Weber |first16=Douglas |last17=Denison |first17=Timothy |last18=Mathers |first18=Susan |last19=O'Brien |first19=Terence J. |last20=Mocco |first20=J. |last21=Grayden |first21=David B. |last22=Liebeskind |first22=David S. |last23=Opie |first23=Nicholas L. |last24=Oxley |first24=Thomas J. |last25=Campbell |first25=Bruce C. V. |title=Assessment of Safety of a Fully Implanted Endovascular Brain-Computer Interface for Severe Paralysis in 4 Patients: The Stentrode With Thought-Controlled Digital Switch (SWITCH) Study |journal=JAMA Neurology |date=9 January 2023 |volume=80 |issue=3 |pages=270–278 |doi=10.1001/jamaneurol.2022.4847 |pmid=36622685 |pmc=9857731 |s2cid=255545643 |issn=2168-6149}}</ref>