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Camera
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=== Large-format camera === {{Main|View camera}} The large-format camera, taking sheet film, is a direct successor of the early plate cameras and remained in use for high-quality photography and technical, architectural, and industrial photography. There are three common types: the view camera, with its [[Monorail camera|monorail]] and [[field camera]] variants, and the [[press camera]]. They have extensible bellows with the lens and shutter mounted on a lens plate at the front. Backs taking [[roll film]] and later [[digital back]]s are available in addition to the standard dark slide back. These cameras have a wide range of movements allowing very close control of focus and perspective. Composition and focusing are done on view cameras by viewing a [[ground-glass]] screen which is replaced by the film to make the exposure; they are suitable for static subjects only and are slow to use. ==== Plate camera ==== [[File:Studijskifotoaparat.JPG|thumb|19th-century studio camera with bellows for focusing]] {{see also|Photographic plate}} The earliest cameras produced in significant numbers were ''plate cameras'', using sensitized glass plates. Light entered a lens mounted on a lens board which was separated from the plate by extendible bellows. There were simple box cameras for glass plates but also single-lens reflex cameras with interchangeable lenses and even for color photography ([[Autochrome Lumière]]). Many of these cameras had controls to raise, lower, and tilt the lens forwards or backward to control perspective. Focusing of these plate cameras was by the use of a ground glass screen at the point of focus. Because [[Photographic lens design|lens design]] only allowed rather small aperture lenses, the image on the ground glass screen was faint and most [[photographer]]s had a dark cloth to cover their heads to allow focusing and composition to be carried out more quickly. When focus and composition were satisfactory, the ground glass screen was removed, and a sensitized plate was put in its place protected by a [[dark slide (photography)|dark slide]]. To make the exposure, the dark decline was carefully slid out and the shutter opened, and then closed and the dark fall replaced. Glass plates were later replaced by sheet film in a dark slide for sheet film; adapter sleeves were made to allow sheet film to be used in plate holders. In addition to the ground glass, a simple optical viewfinder was often fitted.
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