Editing Concubinage (section)

==Middle East==

{{main|Concubinage in the Muslim world|Islamic views on concubinage|History of concubinage in the Muslim world|Ma malakat aymanukum|Umm walad}}
{{Self-contradictory|section|about=the permissibility of concubinage |date=May 2020}}
[[File:Harem Scene with Mothers and Daughters in Varying Costumes, One of 274 Vintage Photographs, late 19th-early 20th century.jpg|thumb|"Harem Scene with Mothers and Daughters in Varying Costumes" (between 1875 and 1933)]]
[[File:Tizian 123.jpg|thumb|[[Roxelana|Hurrem Sultan]] was the "favorite concubine" of [[Suleiman the Magnificent]] and later his wife.<ref name=RoxalenaHurrem>{{Cite encyclopedia|publisher=Oxford University Press |editor=Bonnie G. Smith |title=Hürrem, Sultan |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History |access-date=29 May 2017 |date=2008 |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195148909.001.0001/acref-9780195148909-e-472 |isbn=9780195148909 }}</ref> Suleiman became monogamous with her, breaking Ottoman custom.{{sfn|Peirce|1993|p=59}}<ref name=RoxalenaHurrem/>]]

In the historic Muslim Arab world, "concubine" (''surriyya'') referred to the female slave (''jāriya''), whether Muslim or non-Muslim, with whom her master engages in sexual intercourse in addition to household or other services. Such relationships were common in [[pre-Islamic Arabia]] and other pre-existing cultures of the wider region.<ref name=concubinage>{{cite encyclopedia |editor-first1=Kate |editor-last1=Fleet |editor-first2=Gudrun |editor-last2=Krämer |editor-first3=Denis |editor-last3=Matringe |editor-first4=John |editor-last4=Nawas |editor-first5=Everett |editor-last5=Rowson |title=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]] |volume=3 |entry=Concubinage in Islamic law |first1=Marion H. |last1=Katz}}</ref> Islam introduced legal restrictions and discipline to the concubinage<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.islamicstudies.info/quran/maarif/maarif.php?sura=4&verse=22 |title=Maarif ul Quran |author=Muhammad Shafi' Deobandi|author-link= Muhammad Shafi Deobandi|access-date=19 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119191859/http://www.islamicstudies.info/quran/maarif/maarif.php?sura=4&verse=22 |archive-date=19 November 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> and encouraged manumission.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.islamicstudies.info/quran/maarif/maarif.php?sura=2&verse=177 |title=Surah Al-Baqara 2:177-177 – Maariful Quran – Maarif ul Quran – Quran Translation and Commentary|access-date=11 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119195319/http://www.islamicstudies.info/quran/maarif/maarif.php?sura=2&verse=177|archive-date=19 November 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Islam furthermore endorsed educating (instruction in Islam),<ref name=brown1>{{cite book |first1=Jonathan A.C. |last1=Brown |title=Slavery and Islam |date=2020 |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |page=72|quote=The Prophet states that there are two people who will receive a double reward from God on the Day of Judgment...The second is the man who had taken his slave woman as a concubine, educated her well, then freed her and taken her as his wife.}}</ref> freeing or marrying female slaves if they embrace Islam abandoning polytheism or infidelity.<ref name=concubines>{{cite encyclopedia |first1=Jonathan E. |last1=Brockopp |title=Encyclopaedia of the Quran |entry=Concubines|editor=Jane Dammen McAuliffe|volume=1 |pages=396–97|year=2001}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Sahih Bukhari Volume 3, Book 46, Number 724|quote=The Prophet said, "He who has a slave-girl and teaches her good manners and improves her education and then manumits and marries her, will get a double reward.}}</ref>

Acknowledged children of concubines are generally declared as legitimate with or without wedlock, and the mother of a free child was considered free upon the death of her male enslaver. There is evidence that concubines had a higher rank than female slaves. [[Abu Hanifa]] and others argued for modesty-like practices for the concubine, recommending that the concubine be established in the home and their chastity be protected and not to misuse them for sale or sharing with friends or kins.<ref name=concubinage/> While scholars exhorted masters to treat their slaves equally, a master was allowed to show favoritism towards a concubine.<ref name=concubinage/> 
Islamic scholars have disagreed on the exact interpretation. [[Quran 23:6|verse 23:6 in the Quran]] is believed by some Islamic scholars to say that it is allowed to have sexual intercourse with concubines after marrying them, as Islam forbids sexual intercourse outside of marriage.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.astudyofquran.org/web/index.php?id=93,0,0,1,0,0 |title=A Study of the Quran – 3. Does the Qur'an permit sex outside marriage with female slaves?|access-date=11 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911222959/http://astudyofquran.org/web/index.php?id=93,0,0,1,0,0|archive-date=11 September 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> 
Some scholars recommended holding a wedding banquet (''[[walima]]'') to celebrate the concubinage relationship; however, this is not required in teachings of Islam and is rather the self-preferred opinions of certain non-liberal Islamic scholars.<ref name=concubinage/> Even the Arabic term for concubine ''surriyya'' may have been derived from ''sarat'' meaning "eminence", indicating the concubine's higher status over other female slaves.<ref name=concubinage/>

The Qur'an does not use the word "''surriyya''", but instead uses the expression "[[Ma malakat aymanukum]]" (that which your right hands own), which occurs 15 times in the book.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://corpus.quran.com/wordbyword.jsp?chapter=70&verse=30|title=The Quranic Arabic Corpus – Word by Word Grammar, Syntax and Morphology of the Holy Quran|website=corpus.quran.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://corpus.quran.com/wordbyword.jsp?chapter=23&verse=6|title=The Quranic Arabic Corpus – Word by Word Grammar, Syntax and Morphology of the Holy Quran|website=corpus.quran.com}}</ref> 
Sayyid [[Abul Ala Maududi]] explains that "two categories of women have been excluded from the general command of guarding the private parts: (a) wives, (b) women who are legally in one's possession".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.translatedquran.com/meaning.asp?pagetitle=AL+-+MUMINOON&sno=23&tno=1324|archive-url=https://archive.today/20070311085024/http://www.translatedquran.com/meaning.asp?pagetitle=AL+-+MUMINOON&sno=23&tno=1324|url-status=dead |title=Surah – AL – MUMINOON |date=11 March 2007|archive-date=11 March 2007}}</ref>

Some contend that concubinage was a pre-Islamic custom that was allowed to be practiced under Islam, with Jews and non-Muslim people to marry a concubine after teaching her, instructing her well and then giving her freedom.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://quranx.com/Hadith/adab/In-Book/Book-9/Hadith-48/ | title=Al-Adab Al-Mufrad / Book-9 / Hadith-48 | publisher=quranx.com | access-date=7 June 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217062833/http://quranx.com/Hadith/adab/In-Book/Book-9/Hadith-48/ | archive-date=17 February 2017 | url-status=live}}</ref> In the traditions of the Abrahamic religions, [[Abraham]] had a concubine named [[Hagar]], who was originally a slave of his wife [[Sarah]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Will to Arise: Women, Tradition, and the Church in Africa |editor-first1=Mercy A. |editor-last1=Oduyoye |editor-first2=Musimbi R. A. |editor-last2=Kanyoro|year=2005 |pages=93–94}}</ref> The story of Hagar would affect how concubinage was perceived in early Islamic history.<ref name="OHCPT">{{harvnb|Jenco|Idris|Thomas|2019|pp=291–292}}</ref>{{sfn|Concubines and Courtesans|2017|p=232}}

Sikainiga writes that one rationale for concubinage in Islam was that "it satisfied the sexual desire of the female slaves and thereby prevented the spread of immorality in the [[Ummah|Muslim community]]."<ref name="Sikainga 1996 p22">{{harvnb|Sikainga|1996|p=22}}</ref> Most Islamic schools of thought restricted concubinage to a relationship where the female slave was required to be monogamous to her master,{{sfn|Bloom|Blair|2002|p=48}} (though the master's monogamy to her is not required), but according to Sikainga, in reality this was not always practiced and female slaves were targeted by other men of the master's household.<ref name="Sikainga 1996 p22"/> These opinions of Sikaingia are controversial and contested.

[[File:Odalisque (Boston Public Library).jpg|thumb| A ''"[[cariye]]"'' or [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] [[concubine]], painting by Gustav Richter (1823–1884)]]
In ancient times, two sources for concubines were permitted under an Islamic regime. Primarily, non-Muslim women taken as prisoners of war were made concubines as happened after the [[Battle of the Trench]],<ref name="Majlisi, M. B. 1966">Majlisi, M. B. (1966). ''Hayat-ul-Qaloob Volume 2'', Translated by Molvi Syed Basharat Hussain Sahib Kamil, Imamia Kutub Khana, Lahore, Pakistan</ref> or in numerous later Caliphates.<ref>Murat Iyigun, "Lessons From the Ottoman Harem on Culture, Religion & Wars", University of Colorado, 2011</ref>
It was encouraged to [[manumit]] slave women who rejected their initial faith and converted to Islam, or to bring them into [[Marriage in Islam|formal marriage]].

The expansion of various Muslim dynasties resulted in acquisitions of concubines, through purchase from the slave trade, gifts from other rulers, and captives of war. To have a large number of concubines became a symbol of status.{{sfn|Cortese|2013}} Almost all [[Abbasid caliph]]s were born to concubines.{{sfn|Concubines and Courtesans|2017|p=4}} The custom to have concubines was common in all Islamic dynasties until the abolition of slavery in the 20th-century. 
Similarly, the sultans of the [[Ottoman empire]] were often the son of a concubine.{{sfn|Cortese|2013}} As a result, some individual concubines came to exercise a degree of influence over Ottoman politics.{{sfn|Cortese|2013}} Some concubines developed social networks, and accumulated personal wealth, both of which allowed them to rise on social status.{{sfn|Concubines and Courtesans|2017|p=5}} The practice declined with the abolition of slavery, starting in the 19th century{{Sfn|Cortese|2013}} and finally abolished in the Arabian Peninsula in the 1960s, with [[slavery in Saudi Arabia]] being banned in 1962 and [[slavery in Oman]] in 1970.

Ottoman sultans appeared to have preferred concubinage to marriage,{{sfn|Peirce|1993|p=30}} and for a time all royal children were born of concubines.{{sfn|Peirce|1993|p=39}} The consorts of Ottoman sultans were often neither Turkish, nor Muslim by birth.{{sfn|Peirce|1993|p=37}} Leslie Peirce argues that this was because a concubine would not have the political leverage that would be possessed by a princess or a daughter of the local elite.{{sfn|Peirce|1993|p=39}} Ottoman sultans also appeared to have only one son with each concubine; that is once a concubine gave birth to a son, the sultan would no longer have intercourse with her.{{sfn|Peirce|1993|p=42-43}} This limited the power of each son.{{sfn|Peirce|1993|p=42-43}}