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==Sources== ===Ancient sources=== {{refbegin|35em}} *Ammianus Marcellinus. ''Res Gestae''. **Yonge, Charles Duke, trans. ''Roman History''. London: Bohn, 1862. Online at [http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/ammianus_00_eintro.htm Tertullian]. Accessed 15 August 2009. **Rolfe, J.C., trans. ''History''. 3 vols. Loeb ed. London: Heinemann, 1939–52. Online at [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Ammian/home.html LacusCurtius]. Accessed 15 August 2009. **Hamilton, Walter, trans. ''The Later Roman Empire (A.D. 354–378)''. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1986. [Abridged edition] *Athanasius of Alexandria. **''Festal Index''. ***Atkinson, M., and Archibald Robertson, trans. ''Festal Letters''. From ''Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers'', Second Series, Vol. 4. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1892. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at [http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf204.xxv.iii.iii.html Christian Classics Ethereal Library]. Accessed 15 August 2009. **''Epistula encyclica'' (''Encyclical letter''). Summer 339. ***Atkinson, M., and Archibald Robertson, trans. ''Encyclical letter''. From ''Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers'', Second Series, Vol. 4. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1892. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at [http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2807.htm New Advent] and [http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf204.xii.ii.i.html Christian Classics Ethereal Library]. Accessed 15 August 2009. **''Apologia Contra Arianos'' (''Defense against the Arians''). 349. ***Atkinson, M., and Archibald Robertson, trans. ''Apologia Contra Arianos''. From ''Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers'', Second Series, Vol. 4. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1892. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at [http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2808.htm New Advent]. Accessed 14 August 2009. **''Apologia ad Constantium'' (''Defense before Constantius''). 353. ***Atkinson, M., and Archibald Robertson, trans. ''Apologia ad Constantium''. From ''Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers'', Second Series, Vol. 4. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1892. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at [http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2813.htm New Advent]. Accessed 14 August 2009. **''Historia Arianorum'' (''History of the Arians''). 357. ***Atkinson, M., and Archibald Robertson, trans. ''Historia Arianorum''. From ''Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers'', Second Series, Vol. 4. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1892. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at [http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2815.htm New Advent]. Accessed 14 August 2009. **''De Synodis'' (''On the Councils of Arminium and Seleucia''). Autumn 359. ***Newman, John Henry and Archibald Robertson, trans. ''De Synodis''. From ''Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers'', Second Series, Vol. 4. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1892. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at [http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2817.htm New Advent]. Accessed 15 August 2009. **''Historia acephala''. 368 – c. 420. ***Robertson, Archibald, trans. ''Historia Acephala''. From ''Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers'', Second Series, Vol. 4. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1892. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at [http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2820.htm New Advent] and [http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf204.xxv.ii.ii.html Christian Classics Ethereal Library]. Accessed 15 August 2009. *''Chronica minora'' 1, 2. **Mommsen, T., ed. ''Chronica Minora saec. IV, V, VI, VII'' 1, 2 (in Latin). ''Monumenta Germaniae Historia'', Auctores Antiquissimi 9, 11. Berlin, 1892, 1894. Online at {{cite web |url=http://bsbdmgh.bsb.lrz-muenchen.de/dmgh_new/ |title=Bayerische StaatsBibliothek |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708060352/http://bsbdmgh.bsb.lrz-muenchen.de/dmgh_new/ |archive-date=8 July 2012 }}. Accessed 25 August 2009. *''Codex Theodosianus''. **Mommsen, T. and Paul M. Meyer, eds. ''Theodosiani libri XVI cum Constitutionibus Sirmondianis et Leges novellae ad Theodosianum pertinentes''<sup>2</sup> (in Latin). Berlin: Weidmann, [1905] 1954. Complied by Nicholas Palmer, revised by [[Tony Honoré]] for Oxford Text Archive, 1984. Prepared for online use by R.W.B. Salway, 1999. Preface, books 1–8. Online at [https://web.archive.org/web/20090826174516/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/history2/volterra/texts/cthinfo.htm University College London] and the [http://web.upmf-grenoble.fr/Haiti/Cours/Ak/Constitutiones/codtheod.html University of Grenoble] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100618051844/http://web.upmf-grenoble.fr/Haiti/Cours/Ak/Constitutiones/codtheod.html |date=18 June 2010 }}. Accessed 25 August 2009. **Unknown edition (in Latin). Online at [http://ancientrome.ru/ius/library/codex/theod/ AncientRome.ru]. Accessed 15 August 2009. *''Codex Justinianus''. **Scott, Samuel P., trans. ''The Code of Justinian'', in ''The Civil Law''. 17 vols. 1932. Online at the [http://www.constitution.org/sps/sps.htm Constitution Society]. Accessed 14 August 2009. *Ephraem the Syrian. ''Carmina Nisibena'' (''Songs of Nisibis''). **Stopford, J.T. Sarsfield, trans. ''The Nisibene Hymns''. From ''Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers'', Second Series, Vol. 13. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at [http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/3702.htm New Advent]. Accessed 16 August 2009. **Bickell, Gustav, trans. ''S. Ephraemi Syri Carmina Nisibena: additis prolegomenis et supplemento lexicorum Syriacorum'' (in Latin). Lipetsk: Brockhaus, 1866. Online at [https://books.google.com/books†id=FNECZJZEUVUC Google Books]. Accessed 15 August 2009. *''Epitome de Caesaribus''. **Banchich, Thomas M., trans. ''A Booklet About the Style of Life and the Manners of the Imperatores''. ''Canisius College Translated Texts'' 1. Buffalo, NY: Canisius College, 2009. Online at [http://www.roman-emperors.org/epitome.htm De Imperatoribus Romanis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108100827/http://www.roman-emperors.org/epitome.htm |date=8 November 2020 }}. Accessed 15 August 2009. *Eunapius. ''Lives of the Sophists''. *Eusebius of Caesarea. **''Oratio de Laudibus Constantini'' (''Oration in Praise of Constantine'', sometimes the ''Tricennial Oration''). ***Richardson, Ernest Cushing, trans. ''Oration in Praise of Constantine''. From ''Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers'', Second Series, Vol. 1. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at [http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2504.htm New Advent]. Accessed 16 August 2009. **''Vita Constantini'' (''Life of Constantine''). ***Richardson, Ernest Cushing, trans. ''Life of Constantine''. From ''Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers'', Second Series, Vol. 1. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at [http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2502.htm New Advent]. Accessed 25 August 2009. *[[Eutropius (historian)|Eutropius]]. ''Historiae Romanae Breviarium''. **Watson, John Selby, trans. ''Abridgment of Roman History''. London: George Bell & Sons, 1886. Revised and edited for Tertullian by Roger Pearse, 2003. Online at [http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/eutropius_breviarium_2_text.htm Tertullian]. Accessed 11 June 2010. *Festus. ''Breviarium''. **Banchich, Thomas M., and Jennifer A. Meka, trans. ''Breviarium of the Accomplishments of the Roman People''. ''Canisius College Translated Texts'' 2. Buffalo, NY: Canisius College, 2001. Online at [http://www.roman-emperors.org/festus.htm De Imperatoribus Romanis](). Accessed 15 August 2009. *Firmicus Maternus. ''De errore profanarum religionum'' (''On the error of profane religions''). **Baluzii and Rigaltii, eds. ''Divi Cæcilii Cypriani, Carthaginensis Episcopi, Opera Omnia; accessit J. Firmici Materni, Viri Clarissimi, De Errore Profanarum Religionum'' (in Latin). Paris: Gauthier Brothers and the Society of Booksellers, 1836. Online at [https://books.google.com/books†id=Zow7AAAAcAAJ Google Books]. Accessed 15 August 2009. *Hilary of Poitiers. ''Ad Constantium'' (''To Constantius''). **Feder, Alfred Leonhard, ed. ''S. Hilarii episcopi Pictaviensis Tractatus mysteriorum. Collectanea Antiariana Parisina (fragmenta historica) cum appendice (liber I Ad Constantium). Liber ad Constantium imperatorem (Liber II ad Constantium). Hymni. Fragmenta minora. Spuria'' (in Latin). In the ''Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum'', Vol. 65. Vienna: Tempsky, 1916. *''Itinerarium Alexandri'' (''Itinerary of Alexander''). **Mai, Angelo, ed. ''Itinerarium Alexandri ad Constantium Augustum, Constantini M. Filium'' (in Latin). Regiis Typis, 1818. Online at [https://books.google.com/books†id=LaB9JC1Fm6kC Google Books]. Accessed 15 August 2009. **Davies, Iolo, trans. ''Itinerary of Alexander''. 2009. Online at [http://papyri.info/idp_static/current/ddb-citations-p+abinn.html DocStoc]{{dead link|date=March 2015 }}. Accessed 15 August 2009. *Jerome. **''Chronicon'' (''Chronicle''). ***Pearse, Roger, ''et al.'', trans. ''The Chronicle of St. Jerome'', in ''Early Church Fathers: Additional Texts''. Tertullian, 2005. Online at [http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/jerome_chronicle_00_eintro.htm Tertullian]. Accessed 14 August 2009. **''de Viris Illustribus'' (''On Illustrious Men''). ***Richardson, Ernest Cushing, trans. ''De Viris Illustribus (On Illustrious Men)''. From ''Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers'', Second Series, Vol. 3. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1892. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at [http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2708.htm New Advent]. Accessed 15 August 2009. *Julian. **[[Wilmer Cave Wright|Wright, Wilmer Cave]], trans. ''Works of the Emperor Julian''. 3 vols. Loeb ed. London: Heinemann, 1913. Online at the Internet Archive: [https://archive.org/details/workswithenglish01juliuoft Vol. 1], [https://archive.org/details/workswithenglish02juliuoft 2], [https://archive.org/details/workswithenglish03juliuoft 3]. *Libanius. ''Oratio'' 59 (''Oration'' 59). **M.H. Dodgeon, trans. ''The Sons of Constantine: Libanius Or. LIX''. In ''From Constantine to Julian: Pagan and Byzantine Views, A Source History'', edited by S.N.C. Lieu and [[Dominic Montserrat]], 164–205. London: Routledge, 1996. {{ISBN|0-415-09336-8}} *''Origo Constantini Imperatoris''. **Rolfe, J.C., trans. ''Excerpta Valesiana'', in vol. 3 of Rolfe's translation of Ammianus Marcellinus's ''History''. Loeb ed. London: Heinemann, 1952. Online at [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Excerpta_Valesiana/1*.html LacusCurtius]. Accessed 16 August 2009. *''[[Abinnaeus Archive|Papyri Abinnaeus]]''. **''The Abinnaeus Archive: Papers of a Roman Officer in the Reign of Constantius II'' (in Greek). Duke Data Bank of Documentary Papyri. Online at [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus:text:1999.05.0052&query=document%3D%231 Perseus] and the [http://papyri.info/idp_static/current/ddb-citations-p+abinn.html Duke Data Bank]{{dead link|date=March 2015 }}. Accessed 15 August 2009. *''Papyri Laurentius''. **''Dai Papiri della Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana'' (in Greek). Duke Data Bank of Documentary Papyri. Online at [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text;jsessionid=AC847D304432C05A3A6019E311003F54?doc=Perseus:text:1999.05.0147 Perseus] and the [http://papyri.info/idp_static/current/ddb-citations-p+laur.html Duke Data Bank]{{dead link|date=January 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}. Accessed 15 August 2009. *Philostorgius. ''Historia Ecclesiastica''. **Walford, Edward, trans. ''Epitome of the Ecclesiastical History of Philostorgius, Compiled by Photius, Patriarch of Constantinople''. London: Henry G. Bohn, 1855. Online at [http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/philostorgius.htm Tertullian]. Accessed 15 August 2009. *Socrates. ''Historia Ecclesiastica'' (''History of the Church''). **Zenos, A.C., trans. ''Ecclesiastical History''. From ''Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers'', Second Series, Vol. 2. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at [http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2601.htm New Advent]. Accessed 14 August 2009. *Sozomen. ''Historia Ecclesiastica'' (''History of the Church''). **Hartranft, Chester D. ''Ecclesiastical History''. From ''Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers'', Second Series, Vol. 2. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at [http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2602.htm New Advent]. Accessed 15 August 2009. *Sulpicius Severus. ''Sacred History''. **Roberts, Alexander, trans. ''Sacred History''. From ''Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers'', Second Series, Vol. 11. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1894. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at [http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/3505.htm New Advent]. Accessed 14 August 2009. *Theodoret. ''Historia Ecclesiastica'' (''History of the Church''). **Jackson, Blomfield, trans. ''Ecclesiastical History''. From ''Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers'', Second Series, Vol. 3. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1892. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at [http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2702.htm New Advent]. Accessed 15 August 2009. *Themistius. ''Orationes'' (''Orations''). *[[Theophanes the Confessor|Theophanes]]. ''Chronicle''. *[[Joannes Zonaras|Zonaras]]. ''Extracts of History''. *Zosimus. ''Historia Nova'' (''New History''). **Unknown trans. ''The History of Count Zosimus''. London: Green and Champlin, 1814. Online at [http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/zosimus00_intro.htm Tertullian]. Accessed 15 August 2009. [An unsatisfactory edition.] **Unknown trans. ''Histoire Nouvelle'' and ''ΖΩΣΙΜΟΥ ΚΟΜΙΤΟΣ ΚΑΙ ΑΠΟΦΙΣΚΟΣΥΝΗΓΟΡΟΥ'' (in French and Greek). Online at the [http://pot-pourri.fltr.ucl.ac.be/files/aclassftp/TEXTES/Zosimus/ Catholic University of Louvain] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091201133558/http://pot-pourri.fltr.ucl.ac.be/files/AClassftp/Textes/Zosimus/ |date=1 December 2009 }}. Accessed 16 November 2009. {{refend}} ===Modern sources=== {{refbegin|2|indent=y}} * Baker-Brian, N. and Tougher, S., ''The Sons of Constantine, AD 337–361: In the Shadows of Constantine and Julian'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 2020) *{{cite book |last=Baker-Brian |first=Nicholas |title=The Reign of Constantius II|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LzZwEAAAQBAJ|publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2022|isbn=978-1-0006-1991-1}} * Banchich, T. M., 'DIR-Gallus' from ''De Imperatoribus Romanis'' [http://www.roman-emperors.org/gallus.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210150345/http://www.roman-emperors.org/gallus.htm |date=10 December 2008 }} * {{Cite book|last=Barnes|first=Timothy David|title=Athanasius and Constantius: theology and politics in the Constantinian empire|url= https://archive.org/details/athanasiusconsta0000barn/page/n9/mode/1up |publisher=Harvard University Press|year=1993|isbn=0-674-05067-3|location=Cambridge, Mass}} *{{cite journal |last=Burgess |year=2008 |first=R.W. |title= The Summer of Blood: The 'Great Massacre' of 337 and the Promotion of the Sons of Constantine |journal=Dumbarton Oaks Papers |volume=62|pages=5–51 |jstor=20788042}} *{{cite book |last=Crawford |first=Peter |title=Constantius II: Usurpers, Eunuchs, and the Antichrist |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_aJBDQAAQBAJ|publisher=Pen & Sword |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-78340-055-3}} * {{cite book|last1=Dingas |first1=Beate |last2=Winter |first2=Engelbert |title=Rome and Persia in Late Antiquity |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2007}} * DiMaio, M., and Frakes, R., [http://www.roman-emperors.org/constaii.htm "Constantius II,"] from ''[[De Imperatoribus Romanis]]'' *{{cite journal |last=DiMaio |first=Michael |title=Per Vim, per Caedem, per Bellum : A Study of Murder and Ecclesiastical Politics in the Year 337 A.D.|journal=Byzantion|date=23 January 1992 |volume=62|pages=158–211 |jstor=44171626}} *{{cite book |last=Dodgeon |first=Michael H. |author2=Greatrex, Geoffrey |author3=Lieu, Samuel N. C. |title=The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars (Part I, 226–363 AD) |year=2002 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=0-415-00342-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zoZIxpQ8A2IC |ref={{sfnref|Dodgeon|Greatrex|Lieu}} }} * {{Cite book|last=Drinkwater|first=John F.|title= The Alamanni and Rome 213–496. Caracalla to Clovis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wBJREAAAQBAJ|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0-19-929568-5|location=Oxford}} * {{cite book |last=Errington |year=2006 |first=R. Malcolm |title=Roman Imperial Policy from Julian to Theodosius |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |place=Chapel Hill |isbn=0-8078-3038-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/romanimperialpol0000erri }} * {{wikicite |ref={{sfnref|Gaddis|2005}} |reference=Gaddis, Michael. ''There Is No Crime for Those Who Have Christ. Religious violence in the Christian Roman Empire''. University of California Press, 2005. {{ISBN|978-0-520-24104-6}}.}} * {{cite book |last=Hunt |year=1998 |first=David |section= The successors of Constantine + Julian|title=The Cambridge Ancient History XIII: The Late Empire, A.D. 337–425|editor=Averil Cameron |editor2=Peter Garnsey |publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-30200-5 |title-link= iarchive:the-cambridge-ancient-history-volume-13/mode/1up|name-list-style=amp |editor-link=Averil Cameron |editor2-link=Peter Garnsey |authorlink=}} * {{wikicite |ref={{sfnref|Jones|1964}} |reference=[[Arnold Hugh Martin Jones|Jones, A. H. M.]] ''The Later Roman Empire, 284–602: A Social, Economic, and Administrative Survey'' [Paperback, vol. 1] {{ISBN|0-8018-3353-1}} Basil Blackwell Ltd. 1964.}} * {{cite book |last=Jones |year=1971 |first=A.H.M. |author2=J.R. Martindale |author3=J. Morris |title=The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire Volume 1: A.D. 260–395 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-07233-6 |url={{googlebooks|uOHw4idqAeYC|plainurl=y}} |name-list-style=amp |author-link=A. H. M. Jones |author-link2=John Robert Martindale |author-link3=John Morris (historian) |ref={{sfnref|Jones|Martindale|Morris}} }} * Kent, J.P.C., Hirmer, M. & Hirmer, A. ''Roman Coins'' (Thames and Hudson, 1978) *{{cite book|last = Matthews | first = John|title = The Roman Empire of Ammianus|url= https://archive.org/details/romanempireofamm0000matt_n9f6|year = 1989 |publisher = Johns Hopkins University Press|isbn=978-0-9799-7132-7|location=Baltimore }} * Moser, Muriel. 2018. Emperor and Senators in the Reign of Constantius II. Cambridge University Press. * Pelikan, J.J., ''The Christian Tradition'' (University of Chicago, 1989) * {{cite book |last=Potter |first=David S. |title=The Roman Empire at Bay: AD 180–395 |location=New York |publisher=Routledge |year=2004 |isbn=0-415-10057-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/romanempireatbay0000pott }} * {{cite book |last=Salzman |first=Michele Renee |author-link=Michele R. Salzman |year=2002 |title=The Making of a Christian Aristocracy: Social and Religious Change in the Western Roman Empire |publisher=Harvard University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-674-00641-6 |url={{googlebooks|9JGzYaUQyt4C|plainurl=y}} }} *{{cite book | last=Schäfer | first=Peter | title=The History of the Jews in the Greco-Roman World | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YBarWAR2qVkC | year=2003 | publisher=Psychology Press | isbn=978-0-415-30585-3 }} * {{wikicite |reference=[[Otto Seeck|Seeck, Otto]], "[[s:de:RE:Constantius 4|Constantius 4]]", ''[[Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft]]'', [[iarchive:PaulysReal-encyclopadieDerClassischenAltertumswissenschaftVolume7/page/n263/mode/2up|volume IV.1]], Stuttgart, 1900, columns 1044–1094.|ref={{sfnref|Seeck}} }} * {{cite book |last1=Vagi |first1=David L. |title=Coinage and History of the Roman Empire, c. 82 B.C. – A.D. 480 |date=2001 |publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn |isbn=978-1-57958-316-3}} * {{Cite book |last=Vasiliev |first=Alexander |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EXiWAwAAQBAJ |title=History of the Byzantine Empire 324–1453 |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |year=1958 |isbn=0299809250 |author-link=Alexander Kazhdan}} {{refend}}
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