Editing Counterfactual conditional (section)

==== Description ====
In many languages, counterfactuality is marked by [[past tense]] morphology.<ref name = "palmer">{{cite book |last=Palmer |first=Frank Robert |date=1986 |title=Mood and modality |publisher= Cambridge University Press}}</ref> Since these uses of the past tense do not convey their typical temporal meaning, they are called ''fake past'' or ''fake tense''.<ref name = "ingredients">{{cite journal |last1=Iatridou |first1=Sabine |date=2000 |title=The grammatical ingredients of counterfactuality |journal= Linguistic Inquiry |volume=31 |issue = 2 |pages=231–270 |doi=10.1162/002438900554352 |s2cid=57570935 |url=http://lingphil.mit.edu/papers/iatridou/counterfactuality.pdf}}</ref><ref name="portner">{{cite book |last=Portner |first=Paul |date=2009 |title=Modality |publisher= Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0199292424}}</ref><ref name = "prolegomena">von Fintel, Kai; Iatridou, Sabine (2020). [https://semanticsarchive.net/Archive/zdjYTJjY/fintel-iatridou-2020-x.pdf Prolegomena to a Theory of X-Marking] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715025503/https://semanticsarchive.net/Archive/zdjYTJjY/fintel-iatridou-2020-x.pdf |date=2020-07-15 }}. ''Manuscript''.</ref>  English is one language which uses fake past to mark counterfactuality, as shown in the following [[minimal pair]].<ref>English fake past is sometimes erroneously referred to as "subjunctive", even though it is not the [[English subjunctive|subjunctive mood]].</ref> In the indicative example, the bolded words are present tense forms. In the counterfactual example, both words take their past tense form. This use of the past tense cannot have its ordinary temporal meaning, since it can be used with the adverb "tomorrow" without creating a contradiction.<ref name = palmer /><ref name = "ingredients"/><ref name="portner"/><ref name = "prolegomena"/>
# Indicative: If Natalia '''leaves''' tomorrow, she '''will''' arrive on time.
# Counterfactual: If Natalia '''left''' tomorrow, she '''would''' arrive on time.

[[Hebrew language|Modern Hebrew]] is another language where counterfactuality is marked with a fake past morpheme:<ref name="karawani">{{cite thesis |last=Karawani |first=Hadil |date=2014 |title=The Real, the Fake, and the Fake Fake in Counterfactual Conditionals, Crosslinguistically |publisher=Universiteit van Amsterdam |url=https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/1695453/142017_thesis.pdf}}</ref>

{{interlinear |lang=he |indent=3
| im Dani '''haya''' ba-bayit {maχa ɾ} '''hayinu''' mevakRim oto
| if Dani be.'''PST'''.3S.M in-home tomorrow be.'''PST'''.1PL visit.PTC.PL he.ACC
| "If Dani had been home tomorrow, we would've visited him."
}}

[[Palestinian Arabic]] is another:<ref name="karawani" />

{{interlinear |lang=apc |indent=3
| iza '''kaan''' fi l-bet bukra kunna '''zurna'''-a
| if be.'''PST'''.3S.M in the-house tomorrow be.PST.1PL visit.'''PST'''.PFV.1PL-him
| "If he had been home tomorrow, we would've visited him."
}}

Fake past is extremely prevalent cross-linguistically, either on its own or in combination with other morphemes. Moreover, [[theoretical linguistics|theoretical linguists]] and [[philosophy of language|philosophers of language]] have argued that other languages' strategies for marking counterfactuality are actually [[Realization (linguistics)|realizations]] of fake tense along with other morphemes. For this reason, fake tense has often been treated as the locus of the counterfactual meaning itself.<ref name="ingredients" /><ref name ="bjorkmanhalpert" >{{cite conference |url=http://www.bronwynbjorkman.net/assets/papers/Halpert%20&%20Bjorkman%20(2012)%20In%20search%20of%20(im)perfection%20[NELS42].pdf |title= In search of (im)perfection: the illusion of counterfactual aspect |first1=Bronwyn |last1=Bjorkman |first2=Claire |last2=Halpert |year=2013 |conference=NELS | editor1-last=Keine | editor1-first=Stefan | editor2-last=Sloggett | editor2-first=Shayne |volume=42 |book-title=Proceedings of NELS 42 |publisher=UMass Amherst GLSA }}</ref>