Editing Dingo (section)

===Howling===
Dingoes have three basic forms of howling (moans, bark-howls, and snuffs) with at least 10 variations. Usually, three kinds of howls are distinguished: long and persistent, rising and ebbing, and short and abrupt.

Observations have shown that each kind of howling has several variations, though their purpose is unknown. The frequency of howling varies with the season and time of day, and is also influenced by [[Breeding in the wild|breeding]], [[Animal migration|migration]], [[lactation]], social stability, and [[Biological dispersal|dispersal]] behaviour. Howling can be more frequent in times of food shortage, because the dogs become more widely distributed within their [[home range]].<ref name="canid"/>

Additionally, howling seems to have a group function, and is sometimes an expression of joy (for example, greeting-howls). Overall, howling was observed less frequently in dingoes than among grey wolves. It may happen that one dog will begin to howl, and several or all other dogs will howl back and bark from time to time. In the [[wilderness]], dingoes howl over long distances to attract other members of the pack, to find other dogs, or to keep intruders at bay. Dingoes howl in chorus with significant pitches, and with increasing number of pack members, the variability of pitches also increases.<ref name=corbett1995C5/> Therefore, dingoes are suspected to be able to measure the size of a pack without visual contact.<ref name="impact">{{Cite book|last=Fleming|first=Peter|author2=Laurie Corbett |author3=Robert Harden |author4=Peter Thomson |title=Managing the Impacts of Dingoes and Other Wild Dogs|publisher=Bureau of Rural Sciences|location=Commonwealth of Australia|year=2001}}</ref> Moreover, their highly variable chorus howls have been proposed to generate a confounding effect in the receivers by making pack size appear larger.<ref>Ortolani, A., Corbett, L.K., Feinstein, F.H., and R.P. Coppinger. 2001. "A comparative study of larynx anatomy and howling vocalizations in five canids," poster presented at Canid Biology and Conservation Conference, Oxford University, Oxford, UK.</ref>