Editing Extremes on Earth (section)

===Table of extreme elevations and air temperatures by continent===
{{See also|List of elevation extremes by region|List of weather records}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:bottom;" | '''Continent'''
| colspan="3" | '''[[Elevation]] (height [[Above mean sea level|above]]/below [[sea level]])'''{{Ref|A|A}}
| colspan="2" | '''[[Temperature|Air temperature]] (recorded)'''<ref name="WMO">[http://wmo.asu.edu/ Global Weather & Climate Extremes] World Meteorological Organization</ref>{{Ref|B|B}}
|-
| colspan="2" | '''Highest'''
| '''Lowest'''
| '''Highest'''
| '''Lowest'''
|-
| [[Africa]] || style="text-align:left;" | {{convert|5893|m|abbr=in|0}}<br />[[Kilimanjaro]], [[Tanzania]]<ref>The Kilimanjaro 2008 Precise Height Measurement Expedition. ''[http://www.fig.net/pub/fig2009/papers/ts08c/ts08c_fernandes_teamkili2008_3438.pdf Precise Determination of the Orthometric Height of Mt. Kilimanjaro]''</ref> || style="text-align:left;" | [[Image:Kilimanjaro01.jpg|right|100px]] || style="text-align:left;" | {{convert|−155|m|abbr=in|0}}<br />[[Lake Assal (Djibouti)|Lake Assal]], [[Djibouti]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Harter |first=Pascale |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/9254468.stm |title=A life of constant thirst beside Djibouti's Lake Assal |work=BBC News |date=4 December 2010 |access-date=25 June 2013}}</ref> || style="text-align:left;" | {{convert|55|C}} (disputed<ref name="temp" />)<br />[[Kebili]], [[French Tunisia]]<br />7 July 1931{{Ref|C|C}}|| style="text-align:left;" |{{convert|-23.9|C}}<br />[[Ifrane]], [[French Morocco]]<br />11 February 1935
|-
| [[Antarctica]] || style="text-align:left;" | {{convert|4892|m|abbr=in|0}}<br />[[Vinson Massif]]<ref name=gnismtv>{{cite gnis|id=18890|type=antarid|name=Mount Vinson|access-date=9 January 2013}}</ref> || style="text-align:left;" | [[Image:Vinson Massif from space.jpg|right|100px]] || style="text-align:left;" | {{convert|-50|m|abbr=in|0}}<ref>[http://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/soe/display_indicator.cfm?soe_id=62 Indicator 62 - Water levels of Deep Lake, Vestfold Hills] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090705115923/http://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/soe/display_indicator.cfm?soe_id=62 |date=5 July 2009 }}, Australian Antarctic Data Centre. Retrieved 15 January 2010.</ref><br />Deep Lake, [[Vestfold Hills]]<br />(compare the [[#Deepest ice|deepest ice]] section below) || style="text-align:left;" | {{convert|20.75|C}}<br />[[Comandante Ferraz Antarctic Station]]<br />9 February 2020 || style="text-align:left;" | '''{{convert|−89.2|C}}<br />[[Vostok Station]]'''<br />'''21 July 1983'''
|-
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:center;" | [[Asia]] || rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:left;" | '''{{convert|8848.86|m|abbr=in|0}}<br />[[Mount Everest]], [[Tibet]]–[[Nepal]] Border <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=9428163 |title=The 'Highest' Spot on Earth? |website=NPR.org |access-date=25 June 2013}}</ref>''' || rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:left;" | [[Image:Everest, Himalayas.jpg|right|100px]] || rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:left;" | '''{{convert|−424|m|abbr=in|0}}<br />[[Dead Sea]], [[Israel]]–[[Jordan]]–[[Palestine]]'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.extremescience.com/dead-sea.htm |title=Lowest Elevation: Dead Sea |publisher=Extremescience.com |access-date=25 June 2013}}</ref> || style="vertical-align:center; text-align:left;" | {{convert|54|C}} <!--(disputed?!) rather: 53.9°C / 129°F Mitribah, Kuwait, on July 21, 2016--><br />[[Tirat Zvi]], [[Israel]] (then in the [[Mandatory Palestine|British Mandate of Palestine]])<br />21 June 1942|| style="text-align:left;" | {{convert|−67.7|C}}<small> Measured</small><br />[[Oymyakon]], [[Siberia]], [[Soviet Union]]<br />6 February 1933<ref name="Stepanova">{{cite web|author=N.A. Stepanova |title=On the Lowest Temperatures on Earth|url=http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/mwr/086/mwr-086-01-0006.pdf |publisher=Docs.lib.noaa.gov
|access-date=10 March 2015}}</ref><ref>Weather Underground - Christopher C. Burt - The Coldest Places on Earth https://www.wunderground.com/blog/weatherhistorian/the-coldest-places-on-earth</ref>
|-
| style="vertical-align:center; text-align:left;" | {{convert|54|C}} <!--(disputed?!)--><br />[[Ahvaz]] Airport, [[Iran]]<br />29 June 2017<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/Weather/iran-ahvaz-hottest-temperature-ever-recorded-world-record-extreme-death-valley-california-a7815771.html |title=Temperatures in Iranian city of Ahvaz hit 129.2F (54C), near hottest on Earth in modern measurements |publisher=independent.com |date=30 June 2017 |access-date=30 June 2017}}</ref>
| style="text-align:left;" | {{convert|−71.2|C}}<small> Extrapolated</small><br />[[Oymyakon]], [[Siberia]], [[Soviet Union]]<br />26 January 1926<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/05/0512_040512_tvoymyakon.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040517011512/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/05/0512_040512_tvoymyakon.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 May 2004 |title=Life Is a Chilling Challenge in Subzero Siberia from the National Geographic |publisher=News.nationalgeographic.com |date=28 October 2010 |access-date=25 June 2013}}</ref>
|-
| [[Europe]] || style="text-align:left;" | {{convert|5642|m|abbr=in|0}}<br />[[Mount Elbrus]], [[Russian Federation]]<ref>[http://peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=10381 Mount Elbrus] at peakbagger.com</ref> || style="text-align:left;" | [[Image:Mount Elbrus May 2008.jpg|right|100px]] || style="text-align:left;" | {{convert|−28|m|abbr=in|0}}<br />[[Caspian Sea]] shore, [[Russian Federation]]<ref>{{cite book|author1=Paul A Tucci|author2=Mathew Todd Rosenberg|title=The Handy Geography Answer Book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AzUpZd_D1cUC&pg=PA9|year=2009|publisher=Visible Ink Press|isbn=978-1-57859-272-2|page=9}}</ref> || style="text-align:left;" | 48.8&nbsp;°C
(119.8&nbsp;°F)
[[Floridia]], [[Italy]]<br>
11 August 2021
| style="text-align:left;" | {{convert|−58.1|C}}<br />[[Ust-Shchuger]], [[Soviet Union]]<br />31 December 1978
|-
| style="vertical-align:center;" | [[North America]] || style="vertical-align:center; text-align:left;" | {{convert|6190.5|m|abbr=in|0}}<br />[[Denali]] (federally designated as Mount McKinley), [[Alaska]], [[United States]]<ref name=ADN>{{cite press release | url=http://www.usgs.gov/blogs/features/usgs_top_story/new-elevation-for-nations-highest-peak/?from=title | publisher=USGS | title=New Elevation for Nation's Highest Peak | author1=Mark Newell | author2=Blaine Horner | date=2 September 2015 |access-date=26 September 2015}}</ref> || style="vertical-align:center; text-align:left;" | [[Image:Denali Mt McKinley.jpg|right|100px]] || style="vertical-align:center; text-align:left;" | {{convert|−85|m|abbr=in}}<br />[[Badwater Basin]], [[California]], [[United States]]<ref name=NED>{{cite web|url=https://catalog.data.gov/dataset/usgs-national-elevation-dataset-ned-1-meter-downloadable-data-collection-from-the-national-map-|title=USGS National Elevation Dataset (NED) 1 meter Downloadable Data Collection from The National Map 3D Elevation Program (3DEP) - National Geospatial Data Asset (NGDA) National Elevation Data Set (NED)|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]|date=21 September 2015|access-date=22 September 2015|archive-date=25 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325085854/https://catalog.data.gov/dataset/usgs-national-elevation-dataset-ned-1-meter-downloadable-data-collection-from-the-national-map-|url-status=dead}}</ref> || style="vertical-align:center; text-align:left;" | '''{{convert|134.1|F|1|order=flip}}<br />[[Furnace Creek, California|Furnace Creek]] (then named [[Furnace Creek, California#History|Greenland Ranch]]), [[Death Valley]], [[California]], [[United States]]<br />10 July 1913'''{{Ref|C|C}} (<small>[[List of weather records#Highest temperatures ever recorded|disputed while still official]], but up to 54.4&nbsp;°C (129.9&nbsp;°F)<ref name="temp">{{cite web|url=https://bnonews.com/index.php/2021/07/temperature-reaches-130f-at-death-valley-california/|title=Temperature reaches 130&nbsp;°F (54.4&nbsp;°C) at California's Death Valley|date=10 July 2021}}</ref> has also been recorded there in 2020 and 2021, not yet verified by WMO; and {{convert|54.0|C|F}} which is verified.</small>) <!-- The WMO has stated they stand by the 1913 record pending any future investigations. --> || style="text-align:left;" | -69.6&nbsp;°C (-93.3&nbsp;°F)
[[Summit Camp]], [[Greenland]]<br />22 December 1991
|-
| [[Oceania]] || style="text-align:left;" | {{convert|4884|m|abbr=in|0}}<br />[[Puncak Jaya]] (Carstensz Pyramid), [[Indonesia]]<br>(compare [[Mount Wilhelm]], [[Aoraki / Mount Cook]] and [[Mount Kosciuszko]])<ref>[http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=11360 Carstensz Pyramid, Indonesia] at peakbagger.com</ref> || style="text-align:left;" | [[Image:Puncak Jaya icecap 1972.jpg|right|100px]] || style="text-align:left;" | {{convert|−15|m|abbr=in|0}}<br />[[Lake Eyre]], [[South Australia]], Australia<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/au.htm |title=Oceaina |publisher=Worldatlas.com |access-date=25 June 2013}}</ref> || style="text-align:left;" | {{convert|50.7|C}}<br/>[[Oodnadatta, South Australia|Oodnadatta]], [[South Australia]], Australia<br/>2 January 1960{{Ref|G|G}}
{{convert|50.7|C}}<br/>''[[Onslow, Western Australia]],'' Australia

13 January 2022<ref>{{Cite news|date=13 January 2022|title=Australia equals hottest day on record at 50.7C|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-59977193|access-date=23 January 2022}}</ref>
| style="text-align:left;" | {{convert|−25.6|C}}<br>[[Ranfurly, New Zealand|Ranfurly]], [[Otago]], [[New Zealand]]<br>17 July 1903
|-
| [[South America]] || style="text-align:left;" | {{convert|6962|m|abbr=in|0}}<br />[[Aconcagua]], [[Mendoza Province|Mendoza]], [[Argentina]]<ref>[http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=8594 Aconcagua, Argentina] at peakbagger.com</ref> || style="text-align:left;" | [[Image:Aconcagua heli 3.jpg|right|100px]] || style="text-align:left;" | {{convert|−105|m|abbr=in|0}}<br />[[Laguna del Carbón]], [[Argentina]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://geography.about.com/od/learnabouttheearth/a/extremes_2.htm |title=Lowest Points on Land |publisher=Geography.about.com |date=20 June 2013 |access-date=25 June 2013 |archive-date=15 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515142205/http://geography.about.com/od/learnabouttheearth/a/extremes_2.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> || style="text-align:left;" | {{convert|48.9|C}}<br />[[Rivadavia, Salta|Rivadavia]], [[Salta Province]], [[Argentina]]<br />11 December 1905 || style="text-align:left;" | {{convert|−32.8|C}}<br />[[Sarmiento, Chubut|Sarmiento]], [[Chubut Province]], [[Argentina]]<br /> 1 June 1907
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align:left;" |
<div style="font-size:99%;">
:A.{{Note|A}} Height above sea level is the usual choice of definition for elevation. The point farthest away from the centre of the Earth, however, is [[Chimborazo]] in [[Ecuador]] ({{convert|6267|m|abbr=in|0}}). This is due to the Earth's [[oblate spheroid]] shape, with points near the [[Equator]] being farther out from the centre than those at the poles.
:B.{{Note|B}} All temperatures from the [[World Meteorological Organization]] unless noted.
:C.{{Note|C}} The former record of {{Convert|57.7|C}} recorded at [[Al 'Aziziyah]], [[Libya]] on 13 September 1922 was ruled no longer valid by the WMO due to mistakes made in the recording process.<ref>{{cite web|author=PWMU |url=https://www.wmo.int/pages/mediacentre/press_releases/pr_956_en.html |title=Ninety-year-old World temperature record in El Azizia (Libya) is invalid Improved data strengthens Climate knowledge |publisher=Wmo.int |access-date=25 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406053728/http://www.wmo.int/pages/mediacentre/press_releases/pr_956_en.html |archive-date=6 April 2016 }}</ref> The 1913 reading is, however, [[List of weather records#Highest temperatures ever recorded|itself controversial]], and a measurement of {{Convert|54.0|C}} at Furnace Creek on 30 June 2013 is undisputed, especially since the same or almost the same temperature has been recorded several times in the 21st century in the same and other places.
:E.{{Note|E}} Temperatures greater than {{convert|50|C}} in Spain and [[Portugal]] were recorded in 1881, but the standard with which they were measured and the accuracy of the thermometers used are unknown; therefore, they are not considered official. Unconfirmed reports also indicate that a set of Spanish stations may have hit {{convert|48.0|C}} during the [[2003 European heat wave|2003 heat wave]].<ref>[http://wmo.asu.edu/europe-highest-temperature Europe: Highest Temperature] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090629061515/http://wmo.asu.edu/europe-highest-temperature |date=29 June 2009 }} WMO</ref>
:F.{{Note|F}} Greenland is considered by the World Meteorological Organization to be part of WMO region 6 (Europe).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wmo.asu.edu/western-hemisphere-lowest-temperature |title=Western Hemisphere: Lowest Temperature |publisher=Wmo.asu.edu |date=9 January 1954 |access-date=25 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518042137/http://wmo.asu.edu/western-hemisphere-lowest-temperature |archive-date=18 May 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://wmo.asu.edu/content/north-america-excluding-greenland-lowest-temperature |title=WMO Region IV (North America): Lowest Temperature |publisher=Wmo.asu.edu |access-date=29 March 2020}}</ref>
:G.{{Note|G}} A temperature of {{convert|53.1|C}} was recorded in [[Cloncurry, Queensland|Cloncurry]], [[Queensland]] on 16 January 1889 under non-standard exposure conditions and is therefore not considered official.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/am/content/2003/s1015670.htm|title=Queensland to bake on Christmas Day|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|work=[[AM (ABC Radio)|AM]]|date=24 December 2003|access-date=25 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104034004/http://www.abc.net.au/am/content/2003/s1015670.htm|archive-date=4 November 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Trewin|first=Blair|date=December 1997|title=Another look at Australia's record high temperature|journal=Australian Meteorological Magazine|volume=46|issue=4|pages=251–256|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/jshess/docs/1997/trewin.pdf}}</ref></div>
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