Editing Flashlight (section)

===Performance standards===
The United States Army former standard MIL-F-3747E described the performance standard for plastic flashlights using two or three D-cell dry batteries, in either straight or angle form, and in standard, explosion-proof, heat-resistant, traffic direction, and inspection types. The standard described only incandescent lamp flashlights and was withdrawn in 1996.

In the United States, [[ANSI]] in 2009 published ''FL1 Flashlight basic performance standard''. This voluntary standard defines test procedures and conditions for total light output, beam intensity, working distance, impact and water resistance, and battery running time to 10% of initial light output.  The FL1 standard gives definitions for terms used in marketing flashlights, with the intention of allowing the consumer to compare products tested to the standard.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nema.org/stds/complimentary-docs/upload/FL%201%202009%20final.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111115134858/http://www.nema.org/stds/complimentary-docs/upload/FL%201%202009%20final.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Introduction and table of contents to ANSI FL1 retrieved 2011 Oct 17|archive-date=15 November 2011|access-date=20 March 2022}}</ref> The standard recommends particular graphic symbols and wording for the product package, so that the consumer can identify products tested to the standard. Testing may be carried out by the manufacturer itself or by a third-party test laboratory.

The FL1 standard requires measurements reported on the packaging to be made with the type of batteries packaged with the flashlight, or with an identified type of battery. Initial light output is measured with an [[integrating sphere]] photometer, 30 seconds after the light is switched on with fresh (or newly charged) batteries. The total light emitted is reported in [[Lumen (unit)|lumen]]s. [[Luminous intensity]] is determined by measuring the brightest spot in the beam produced by the flashlight, in [[candela]]s. Since this is a measure of all the light emitted in a [[solid angle]] (the "cone" of light in a particular direction), the beam intensity is independent of distance.

The working distance is defined as the distance at which the maximum light falling on a surface ([[illuminance]]) would fall to 0.25 [[lux]]. This is comparable to a full moon on a clear night. The distance is calculated from the square root of (the beam intensity in candelas divided by 0.25 lux); for example, a beam intensity of 1000 candelas produces a working range rating of the square root of (1000/0.25), or 63 meters. The result is reported in meters or feet. The working distance is from the point of view of the user of the flashlight. A light directly pointed at an observer may be visible against a dark background for many times this distance, especially if the observer has night-vision equipment.

Run time is measured using the supplied or specified batteries and letting the light run until the intensity of the beam has dropped to 10% of the value 30 seconds after switching on.  The standard does not evaluate the behavior of the flashlight output during run time. A regulated flashlight may run at only a slowly declining output and then abruptly cut off, but unregulated types may have steeply-declining light output after only a short time. Manufacturers of headlamps may use a different standard which rates run times until light output falls to 1 lux at 2 meters distance; this value is not comparable to the FL 1 runtime measurement.

Impact resistance is measured by dropping the flashlight in six different orientations and observing that it still functions and has no large cracks or breaks in it; the height used in the test is reported. Water resistance, if specified, is evaluated after impact testing; no water is to be visible inside the unit and it must remain functional. Ratings are given in [[IP Code]] terms, where jet spray corresponds to IP X6, brief immersion to IPX7, 30 minutes immersion at 1 meter or more is IP X8; (the depth is reported if greater than 1 meter). An IP X8 rating by FL1 does not imply that the lamp is suitable for use as a diver's light since the test protocol examines function of the light only after immersion, not during immersion.<ref>Switches or focus adjustments may not work properly while the flashlight is under external pressure, even if no water gets into the case.</ref>

The consumer must decide how well the ANSI test conditions match their requirements, but all manufacturers testing to the FL1 standard can be compared on a uniform basis. The light measurements are more directly related to the use of flashlights than is the nominal power input to the lamp (watts), since different LED and incandescent lamp types vary widely in the [[luminous efficacy|amount of light produced per watt]]. Even the same LED or lamp in different optical systems will show different beam characteristics. The visibility of objects depends on many factors as well as the amount of light emitted by the flashlight.

ANSI standard FL1 does not specify measurements of the [[beam diameter|beam width angle]] but the candela intensity and total lumen ratings can be used by the consumer to assess the beam characteristics. Where two flashlights have similar total light (lumen) measures, the unit with the higher candela rating produces a more concentrated beam of light, suitable for lighting distant objects; it will also have a higher working distance. If two lights have similar candela ratings, the light with higher lumen value will produce a wider beam and will light a wider area overall. A beam width (containing most of the power of the beam, or "hot spot") of a few degrees corresponds to a spot light, useful for searching for distant objects; beam widths of 20 degrees or more are described as flood lights, suitable for lighting a wide nearby area. Typically even a flashlight beam with a small hot spot will have some light visible as "spill" around the spot.

In 2018, in the United States, [[UL (safety organization)|Underwriter's Laboratories]] published UL standard 1576 for flashlights and lanterns, outlining safety requirements and performance tests.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://collateral-library-production.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/asset_file/attachment/12030/UL_LumenInsights_2018Q2.pdf|title=Lumen Insights|quotation=A New, Dedicated Standard for Flashlights and Lanterns|date=2018|website=Collateral-library-production.s3.amazonaws.com|access-date=20 March 2022}}</ref>