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Forecasting
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===Scaled-dependent errors=== The forecast error, E, is on the same scale as the data, as such, these accuracy measures are scale-dependent and cannot be used to make comparisons between series on different scales. [[Mean absolute error]] (MAE) or [[average absolute deviation|mean absolute deviation]] (MAD): <math>\ MAE = MAD = \frac{\sum_{t=1}^{N} |E_t|}{N} </math> [[Mean squared error]] (MSE) or [[mean squared prediction error]] (MSPE): <math>\ MSE = MSPE = \frac{\sum_{t=1}^N {E_t^2}}{N} </math> [[Root-mean-square deviation|Root mean squared error]] (RMSE): <math>\ RMSE = \sqrt{\frac{\sum_{t=1}^N {E_t^2}}{N}} </math> Average of Errors (E): <math>\ \bar{E}= \frac{\sum_{i=1}^N {E_i}}{N} </math>
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