Editing Fuel injection (section)

== History ==

=== 1870s–1930s: early systems ===
{{multiple image
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 | image1 = Lufteinblasflaschen.jpg
 | caption1 = Air-blast injection system for an 1898 diesel engine
 | image2 = Moteur de l Antoinette VII Musee du Bourget P1010360.JPG
 | caption2 = Mechanical port injection system on a 1906 [[Antoinette 8V]]  engine
}}

In 1872, [[George Brayton|George Bailey Brayton]] obtained a patent on an internal combustion engine that used a pneumatic fuel injection system, also invented by Brayton: [[air-blast injection]].<ref>Sass</ref>{{refpage|p=413}} In 1894, [[Rudolf Diesel]] copied Brayton's air-blast injection system for the diesel engine, but also improved it.<ref>Sass</ref>{{refpage|p=414}} He increased the air blast pressure from {{cvt|4-5|kp/cm2|kPa psi|order=out}} to {{cvt|65|kp/cm2|kPa psi|order=out}}.<ref>Sass</ref>{{refpage|p=415}} In the meantime, the first manifold injection system was designed by Johannes Spiel in 1884, while working at ''Hallesche Maschinenfabrik'' in Germany.<ref>Richard van Basshuysen (ed.): ''Ottomotor mit Direkteinspritzung und Direkteinblasung: Ottokraftstoffe, Erdgas, Methan, Wasserstoff'', 4th edition, Springer, Wiesbaden 2017, {{ISBN|978-3-658-12215-7}}, p. 6</ref> 

In 1891, the British [[Herbert_Akroyd_Stuart#Hornsby-Akroyd_engine|Herbert-Akroyd oil engine]] became the first engine to use a pressurised fuel injection system.<ref name=rwallis>{{cite book | last = Ransome-Wallis | first = Patrick | title = Illustrated Encyclopedia of World Railway Locomotives | publisher = Courier Dover Publications | year = 2001 | page = 27 | isbn = 0-486-41247-4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=A Biographical Dictionary of People in Engineering: From Earliest Records to 2000|last=Hall|first=Carl W.|publisher=Purdue University Press|year=2008|edition=1st|via=Credo Reference}}</ref> This design, called a [[hot-bulb engine]] used a 'jerk pump' to dispense [[fuel oil]] at high pressure to an injector. Another development in early diesel engines was the pre-combustion chamber, which was invented in 1919 by Prosper l'Orange<ref name="Mau 1984 p. 11">{{cite book | last=Mau | first=Günter | title=Handbuch Dieselmotoren im Kraftwerks- und Schiffsbetrieb | publisher=Vieweg+Teubner Verlag | year=1984 | isbn=978-3-322-90621-2 | language=de | page=11}}</ref> to avoid the drawbacks of air-blast injection systems. The pre-combustion chamber made it feasible to produce engines in size suitable for automobiles and [[MAN Truck & Bus]] presented the first direct-injected diesel engine for trucks in 1924.<ref name="von Fersen_130">von Fersen (ed.), p. 130</ref> Higher pressure diesel injection pumps were introduced by [[Robert Bosch GmbH|Bosch]] in 1927.

In 1898, German company [[Deutz AG]] started producing four-stroke petrol [[stationary engine]]s<ref name="Cummins_1971">{{cite journal |last1=Cummins, Jr. |first1=C. Lyle |date=1976 |title=Early IC and Automotive Engines |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44648442 |journal=SAE Transactions |volume=85 |issue=3 |pages=1966 |doi= |jstor=44648442 |access-date=2024-02-07}}</ref> with manifold injection.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}} The 1906 [[Antoinette 8V]] aircraft engine (the world's first V8 engine) was another early four-stroke engine that used manifold injection. The first petrol engine with direct-injection was a two-stroke aircraft engine designed by Otto Mader in 1916.<ref>Richard van Basshuysen (ed.): ''Ottomotor mit Direkteinspritzung und Direkteinblasung: Ottokraftstoffe, Erdgas, Methan, Wasserstoff'', 4th edition, Springer, Wiesbaden 2017, {{ISBN|978-3-658-12215-7}}, p. 7</ref> Another early spark-ignition engine to use direct-injection was the 1925 [[Hesselman engine]], designed by Swedish engineer Jonas Hesselman.<ref>{{cite book |title=Scania fordonshistoria 1891-1991 |first=Björn-Eric |last=Lindh |year=1992 |publisher=Streiffert |language=sv |isbn=978-91-7886-074-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Volvo – Lastbilarna igår och idag |first=Christer |last=Olsson |year=1990 |publisher=Förlagshuset Norden |language=sv |isbn=978-91-86442-76-7}}</ref> This engine could run on a variety of fuels (such as oil, kerosene, petrol or diesel oil)<ref>Richard van Basshuysen (ed.): ''Ottomotor mit Direkteinspritzung und Direkteinblasung: Ottokraftstoffe, Erdgas, Methan, Wasserstoff'', 4th edition, Springer, Wiesbaden 2017, {{ISBN|978-3-658-12215-7}}, pp. 17–18</ref> and used a [[Stratified charge engine|stratified charge]] principle whereby fuel is injected towards the end of the compression stroke, then ignited with a [[spark plug]].

The [[Cummins]] ''Model H'' diesel truck engine was introduced in America in 1933.<ref>{{cite web |title=1933 Kenworth Cummins Diesel – The First American Production Diesel Truck And With The First Vertical Exhaust Stack |url=https://www.curbsideclassic.com/automotive-histories/vintage-trucks-1933-kenworth-cummins-diesel-the-first-american-production-diesel-truck-and-the-first-vertical-exhaust-stack/ |website=Curbside Classic |access-date=24 December 2022 |date=7 December 2021}}</ref> In 1936, the [[Mercedes-Benz OM 138]] diesel engine (using a precombustion chamber) became one of the first fuel-injected engines used in a mass-production passenger car.<ref name="von Fersen_274">Olaf von Fersen (ed.): ''Ein Jahrhundert Automobiltechnik. Personenwagen'', VDI-Verlag, Düsseldorf 1986, {{ISBN|978-3-642-95773-4}}. p. 274</ref>

=== 1940s–1950s: WWII aircraft and early direct-injection petrol engines ===
During [[World War II]], several petrol engines for aircraft used direct-injection systems, such as the European [[Junkers Jumo 210]], [[Daimler-Benz DB 601]], [[BMW 801]], and the [[Shvetsov ASh-82|Shvetsov ASh-82FN (M-82FN)]]. The German direct-injection systems were based on diesel injection systems used by Bosch, Deckel, Junkers and l'Orange.<ref>Richard van Basshuysen (ed.): ''Ottomotor mit Direkteinspritzung und Direkteinblasung: Ottokraftstoffe, Erdgas, Methan, Wasserstoff'', 4th edition, Springer, Wiesbaden 2017, {{ISBN|978-3-658-12215-7}}, p. 10</ref> By around 1943, the [[Rolls-Royce Merlin]] and [[Wright R-3350]] had switched from traditional carburettors to fuel-injection (called "pressure carburettors" at the time), however these engines used throttle body [[#Manifold injection|manifold injection]], rather than the direct-injection systems of the German engines. From 1940, the [[Mitsubishi Kinsei|Mitsubishi Kinsei 60 series]] engine used a direct-injection system, along with the related [[Mitsubishi Kasei]] engine from 1941. In 1943, a low-pressure fuel injection system was added to the [[Nakajima Homare|Nakajima Homare Model 23]] radial engine.<ref>{{cite journal |url= https://saemobilus.sae.org/content/881610/ |title=Engine Fuels and Lubrication Systems at Nakajima Aircraft Co. from 1936–1945 [sic] |first1=Ryoichi |last1=Nakagawa |first2=Sotaro |last2=Mizutani |year=1988 |doi=10.4271/881610 |journal=Mobilus |series=SAE Technical Paper Series |volume=1 |publisher=Society of Automobile Engineers |location=US |issn=0148-7191 |eissn=2688-3627 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

The first mass-produced petrol direct-injection system was developed by Bosch and initially used in small automotive two-stroke petrol engines. Introduced in the 1950 [[Goliath GP700]] small saloon, it was also added to the [[Gutbrod Superior]] engine in 1952. This mechanically-controlled system was essentially a specially lubricated high-pressure diesel direct-injection pump of the type that is governed by the vacuum behind an intake throttle valve.<ref>Richard van Basshuysen (ed.): ''Ottomotor mit Direkteinspritzung und Direkteinblasung: Ottokraftstoffe, Erdgas, Methan, Wasserstoff'', 4th edition, Springer, Wiesbaden 2017, {{ISBN|978-3-658-12215-7}}, p. 19</ref> A Bosch mechanical direct-injection system was also used in the straight-eight used in the 1954 [[Mercedes-Benz W196]] Formula One racing car. The first four-stroke direct-injection petrol engine for a passenger car was released the following year, in the [[Mercedes-Benz 300SL]] sports car.<ref>Richard van Basshuysen (ed.): ''Ottomotor mit Direkteinspritzung und Direkteinblasung: Ottokraftstoffe, Erdgas, Methan, Wasserstoff'', 4th edition, Springer, Wiesbaden 2017, {{ISBN|978-3-658-12215-7}}, p. 20</ref> However the engine suffered lubrication problems due to petrol diluting the engine oil,<ref>{{cite web |title=Mercedes-Benz 300 SL |url=https://jalopnik.com/mercedes-benz-300-sl-309046 |website=www.jalopnik.com |access-date=26 December 2022 |language=en |date=10 October 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |title=Driving the Awesome Mercedes 300 SL 'Gullwing'{{dash}}slide 8/22 |url=https://www.wired.com/2011/01/driving-the-awesome-mercedes-300-sl-gullwing/ |magazine=Wired |access-date=26 December 2022 |last1=Smith |first1=Sam }}</ref> and subsequent Mercedes-Benz engines switched to a manifold injection design. Likewise, most petrol injection systems prior to the 2000s used the less-expensive manifold injection design.

=== 1950s–1970s: manifold injection for petrol engines ===
{{multiple image
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 | image1 = 1959 Chevrolet Corvette C1 V8 283 cui Fuel Injection.jpg
 | caption1 = 1950s [[Rochester Ramjet]] mechanical port injection system (on a [[Chevrolet_small-block_engine_(first_and_second_generation)#283|Chevrolet 283 engine]])
 | image2   = BMW Engine M88 from a M1.JPG
 | caption2 =1970s [[Kugelfischer]] mechanical port injection system (on a [[BMW M88]] engine)
 | image3   = K-Jet MT1.jpg
 | caption3 = Components of a 1970s [[K-Jetronic]] electronic port injection system
}}

Throughout the 1950s, several manufacturers introduced their manifold injection systems for petrol engines. [[Lucas Industries]] had begun developing a fuel injection system in 1941 and by 1956 it was used in the Jaguar racing cars.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.lucasinjection.com/HISTORY.htm |title=A short history of Lucas injection |publisher=lucasinjection.com |access-date=2015-05-01}}</ref> At the [[1957 24 Hours of Le Mans]], the 1st to 4th placed cars were [[Jaguar D-Type]] entries using a Lucas fuel injection system.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lucas Le Mans 1957 |url=https://www.lucasinjection.com/lucaslemas1957.jpg |website=www.lucasinjection.com |access-date=25 December 2022}}</ref> Also in 1957, General Motors introduced the [[Rochester Ramjet]] option, consisting of a fuel injection system for the V8 engine in the Chevrolet Corvette. During the 1960s, fuel injection systems were also produced by [[Stuart Hilborn|Hilborn]],<ref name="howgood">{{cite journal |last=Walton |first=Harry |title=How Good is Fuel Injection? |journal=Popular Science |date=March 1957 |volume=170 |issue=3 |pages=88–93 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=byEDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA88 |access-date=2015-05-01}}</ref> [[SPICA]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Spica Fuel Injection |url=https://www.hemmings.com/stories/article/spica-fuel-injection |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=www.hemmings.com}}</ref> and [[Kugelfischer]].

Up until this time, the fuel injection systems had used a mechanical control system. In 1957, the American [[Bendix Electrojector]] system was introduced, which used analogue electronics for the control system. The Electrojector was intended to be available for the [[Rambler Rebel]] mid-size car, however reliability problems meant that the fuel injection option was not offered.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60C16FD355A137A93C6AB1788D85F438585F9 |last=Ingraham |first=Joseph C. |title=Automobiles: Races; Everybody Manages to Win Something at the Daytona Beach Contests |newspaper=The New York Times |date=1957-03-24 |page=153 |access-date=2015-05-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |journal=Consumer Reports |year=1957 |volume=22 |title=1957 cars |page=154}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Aird |first=Forbes |title=Bosch fuel injection systems |publisher=HP Trade |year=2001 |page=29 |isbn=978-1-55788-365-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.petersen.org/default.cfm?docid=1034 |first=Leslie |last=Kendall |title=American Musclecars: Power to the People |publisher=Petersen Automotive Museum |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111027060937/http://www.petersen.org/default.cfm?docid=1034 |archive-date=2011-10-27 |access-date=2022-03-13}}</ref><ref name="auto.howstuffworks.com">{{cite web |url= http://auto.howstuffworks.com/1957-1960-rambler-rebel2.htm |title=Rambler Measures Up |website=How Stuff Works |date=2007-08-22 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200729153245/http://auto.howstuffworks.com/1957-1960-rambler-rebel2.htm |archive-date=2020-07-29 |access-date=2022-03-13}}</ref> In 1958, the [[Chrysler 300 letter series#1958 300D|Chrysler 300D]], [[DeSoto Adventurer]], [[1958 Dodge#D-500|Dodge D-500]] and [[Plymouth Fury]] offered the Electrojector system, becoming the first cars known to use an electronic fuel injection (EFI) system.<ref name="1958DeSoto">{{cite web |title=1958 Chrysler-DeSoto Electrojector - World's First Electronic Fuel Injection|last1=Mattar|first1=George|url= https://www.allpar.com/cars/desoto/electrojector.html |website=Allpar|access-date=2018-11-08}}</ref>

The Electrojector patents were subsequently sold to Bosch, who developed the Electrojector into the Bosch [[D-Jetronic]].<ref>{{cite web |title=D-Jetronic History and Fundamentals |url=http://members.rennlist.com/pbanders/djetfund.htm |website=www.rennlist.com |access-date=26 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100809110201/http://members.rennlist.com/pbanders/djetfund.htm |archive-date=9 August 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> The D-Jetronic was produced from 1967-1976 and first used on the [[Volkswagen Type 3|VW 1600TL/E]]. The system was a speed/density system, using engine speed and intake manifold air density to calculate the amount of fuel to be injected. In 1974, Bosch introduced the [[K-Jetronic]] system, which used a continuous flow of fuel from the injectors (rather than the pulsed flow of the D-Jetronic system). K-Jetronic was a mechanical injection system, using a plunger actuated by the intake manifold pressure which then controlled the fuel flow to the injectors.<ref name="von Fersen_256">Olaf von Fersen (ed.): ''Ein Jahrhundert Automobiltechnik. Personenwagen'', VDI-Verlag, Düsseldorf 1986, {{ISBN|978-3-642-95773-4}}. p. 256</ref> 

Also in 1974, Bosch introduced the [[L-Jetronic]] system, a pulsed flow system which used an [[Mass_flow_sensor#Moving_vane_meter|air flow meter]] to calculate the amount of fuel required. L-Jetronic was widely adopted on European cars during the 1970s and 1980s. As a system that uses electronically-controlled fuel injectors which open and close to control the amount of fuel entering the engine, the L-Jetronic system uses the same basic principles as modern electronic fuel injection (EFI) systems.

=== 1980s–present: digital electronics and common-rail injection===
Prior to 1979, the electronics in fuel injection systems used [[analogue electronics]] for the control system. The [[Motronic|Bosch Motronic]] multi-point fuel injection system (also amongst the first systems where the [[ignition system]] is controlled by the same device as the fuel injection system) was the first mass-produced system to use [[digital electronics]]. The [[Ford EEC#EEC-III|Ford EEC-III]] single-point fuel injection system, introduced in 1980, was another early digital fuel injection system.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.motorola.com/staticfiles/Consumers/Corporate/US-EN/_Documents/Motorola_History_Timeline.pdf |title=A Timeline Overview of Motorola History 1928-2009 |publisher=Motorola |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110620224820/http://www.motorola.com/staticfiles/Consumers/Corporate/US-EN/_Documents/Motorola_History_Timeline.pdf |archive-date=2011-06-20 |access-date=2014-01-20}}</ref><ref name="von Fersen_262">Olaf von Fersen (ed.): ''Ein Jahrhundert Automobiltechnik. Personenwagen'', VDI-Verlag, Düsseldorf 1986, {{ISBN|978-3-642-95773-4}}. p. 262</ref> These and other electronic manifold injection systems (using either [[#Multi-point injection|port injection]] or [[#Single-point injection|throttle-body injection]]) became more widespread through the 1980s, and by the early 1990s they had replaced carburettors in most new petrol-engined cars sold in developed countries.

The aforementioned injection systems for petrol passenger car engines{{dash}}except for the 1954–1959 ''Mercedes-Benz 300&nbsp;SL''{{dash}}all used [[#Manifold injection|manifold injection]] (i.e. the injectors located at the intake ports or throttle body, instead of inside the combustion chamber). This began to change when the first mass-produced [[petrol direct injection]] system for passenger cars was a [[common rail]] system introduced in the 1997 [[Mitsubishi_6G7_engine#6G74|Mitsubishi 6G74]] V6 engine.<ref>Richard van Basshuysen (ed.): ''Ottomotor mit Direkteinspritzung und Direkteinblasung: Ottokraftstoffe, Erdgas, Methan, Wasserstoff'', 4th edition, Springer, Wiesbaden 2017, {{ISBN|978-3-658-12215-7}}, p. 138</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mitsubishi Motors Adds World First V6 3.5-liter GDI Engine to Ultra-efficiency GDI Series |url= http://media.mitsubishi-motors.com/pressrelease/e/corporate/detail215.html |website=mitsubishi-motors.com |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091001184522/http://media.mitsubishi-motors.com/pressrelease/e/corporate/detail215.html |archive-date=1 October 2009 }} [https://www.3si.org/threads/direct-gas-injection-any-one-tried.477519/ Alt URL]</ref> The first common-rail system for a passenger car diesel engine was the [[Fiat_JTD_engine#1.9|Fiat Multijet]]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-07-03|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=Fiat_JTD_engine#1.9|reason= The anchor (1.9) [[Special:Diff/1231054680|has been deleted]].}} straight-four engine,<ref>Günter P. Merker, Rüdiger Teichmann (ed.): Grundlagen Verbrennungsmotoren – Funktionsweise · Simulation · Messtechnik, 7th edition, Springer, Wiesbaden 2014, {{ISBN|978-3-658-03194-7}}, p. 179</ref> introduced in the 1999 ''Alfa Romeo 156 1.9 JTD'' model. Since the 2010s, many petrol engines have switched to direct-injection (sometimes in combination with separate manifold injectors for each cylinder). Similarly, many modern diesel engines use a common-rail design.

[[Stratified charge]] injection was used in several petrol engines in the early 2000s, such as the [[List_of_discontinued_Volkswagen_Group_petrol_engines#1.4_R4:_FSI_63-77kW|Volkswagen 1.4 FSI engine]] introduced in 2000. However, the stratified charge systems were largely no longer in use by the late 2010s, due to increased exhaust emissions of NOx gasses and particulates, along with the increased cost and complexity of the systems.