Editing Gender identity (section)

==Present views==
===Medical field===
[[Transgender]] people sometimes wish to undergo physical surgery to refashion their [[primary sexual characteristics]], secondary characteristics, or both, because they feel they will be more comfortable with different genitalia. This may involve removal of penis, testicles or breasts, or the fashioning of a penis, vagina or breasts.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tristani-Firouzi |first1=Bita |last2=Veith |first2=Jacob |last3=Simpson |first3=Andrew |last4=Hoerger |first4=Kelly |last5=Rivera |first5=Andy |last6=Agarwalb |first6=Cori A. |title=Preferences for and barriers to gender affirming surgeries in transgender and non-binary individuals |journal=[[International Journal of Transgender Health]] |date=12 August 2021 |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=458–471 |doi=10.1080/26895269.2021.1926391 |pmid=36324882 |pmc=9621289 }}</ref> In the past, sex assignment surgery has been performed on infants who are born with ambiguous genitalia. However, current medical opinion is strongly against this procedure on infants, and recommends that the procedure be only conducted when medically necessary.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Behrens |first1=Kevin G. |title=A principled ethical approach to intersex paediatric surgeries |journal=BMC Medical Ethics |date=December 2020 |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=108 |doi=10.1186/s12910-020-00550-x |pmid=33121480 |pmc=7597036 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Today, [[gender-affirming surgery]] is performed on people who choose to [[Gender transitioning|transition]] so that their external sexual organs will match their gender identity.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Diamond |first1=Milton |title=Sex and Gender are Different: Sexual Identity and Gender Identity are Different |journal=Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry |date=July 2002 |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=320–334 |doi=10.1177/1359104502007003002 |s2cid=144721800 }}</ref>

In the United States, the [[Affordable Care Act]] provided that [[health insurance exchange]]s would have the ability to collect demographic information on gender identity and sexual identity through optional questions, to help policymakers better recognize the needs of the [[LGBTQ]] community.<ref>{{cite web|vauthors=Baker K|title=FAQ: Collecting Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Data|date=16 October 2012 |url=http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/lgbt/report/2012/10/16/41620/faq-collecting-sexual-orientation-and-gender-identity-data/|access-date=29 October 2012|publisher=Center for American Progress|archive-date=25 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025223111/http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/lgbt/report/2012/10/16/41620/faq-collecting-sexual-orientation-and-gender-identity-data/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2020, however, the [[First presidency of Donald Trump|Trump administration]] finalized a rule that "would remove nondiscrimination protections for LGBTQ people when it comes to health care and health insurance" in the Affordable Care Act and extends to "regulations pertaining to access to health insurance."<ref name="npr.org">{{cite web | url=https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/06/12/868073068/transgender-health-protections-reversed-by-trump-administration | title=Transgender Health Protections Reversed by Trump Administration | website=NPR | date=12 June 2020 | last1=Simmons-Duffin | first1=Selena | access-date=4 December 2022 | archive-date=23 June 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623172448/https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/06/12/868073068/transgender-health-protections-reversed-by-trump-administration | url-status=live }}</ref> This rule "is one of the many rules and regulations put forward by the Trump administration that defines "sex discrimination" as only applying when someone faces discrimination for being male or female, and does not protect people from discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity."<ref name="npr.org"/>

===Gender dysphoria and gender identity disorder===

{{main article|Gender dysphoria}}

[[Gender dysphoria]] (previously called "gender identity disorder" or GID in the ''[[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders]]'' or DSM) is the formal diagnosis of people who experience significant [[dysphoria]] (discontent) with the sex they were assigned at birth and/or the gender roles associated with that sex:<ref>{{cite web | title = Gender Identity Disorder | work = Psychology Today | date = 24 October 2005 | url = http://www.psychologytoday.com/conditions/gender-identity-disorder | access-date = 16 December 2010 | archive-date = 6 March 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210306161912/https://www.psychologytoday.com/intl/conditions/gender-dysphoria | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=6 March 2010 |title=Gender Dysphoria Organization Research and Education - About Gender Dysphoria |url=http://www.genderdysphoria.org/genderdysphoria_medical.html |access-date=13 May 2021 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100306075726/http://www.genderdysphoria.org/genderdysphoria_medical.html|archive-date=6 March 2010}}</ref> "In gender identity disorder, there is discordance between the natal sex of one's external genitalia and the brain coding of one's gender as masculine or feminine."<ref name="GID" /> The DSM (302.85) has five criteria that must be met before a diagnosis of gender identity disorder can be made, and the disorder is further subdivided into specific diagnoses based on age, for example [[gender identity disorder in children]] (for children who experience gender dysphoria).

The concept of gender identity appeared in the third edition of the DSM, [[DSM-III]] (1980), in the form of two [[mental disorder|psychiatric diagnoses]] of gender dysphoria: gender identity disorder of childhood (GIDC), and transsexualism (for adolescents and adults). The 1987 revision of the manual, [[DSM-III-R]], added a third diagnosis: gender identity disorder of adolescence and adulthood, nontranssexual type. This latter diagnosis was removed in the subsequent revision, DSM-IV (1994), which also collapsed GIDC and transsexualism into a new diagnosis of gender identity disorder.<ref name="Historical Note">{{cite journal | vauthors = Zucker KJ, Spitzer RL | title = Was the gender identity disorder of childhood diagnosis introduced into DSM-III as a backdoor maneuver to replace homosexuality? A historical note | journal = Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy | volume = 31 | issue = 1 | pages = 31–42 | date = Jan–Feb 2005 | pmid = 15841704 | doi = 10.1080/00926230590475251 | s2cid = 22589255 }}</ref> In 2013, the [[DSM-5]] renamed the diagnosis ''gender dysphoria'' and revised its definition.<ref>{{cite web|vauthors=Parry W|date=4 June 2013|title=DSM-5 Reflects Shift In Perspective On Gender Identity|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/06/04/gender-dysphoria-dsm-5_n_3385287.html|access-date=23 October 2015|website=The Huffington Post|archive-date=8 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508073004/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/06/04/gender-dysphoria-dsm-5_n_3385287.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The authors of a 2005 academic paper questioned the classification of gender identity problems as a [[mental disorder]], speculating that certain DSM revisions may have been made on a tit-for-tat basis when certain groups were pushing for the removal of homosexuality as a disorder. This remains controversial,<ref name="Historical Note"/> although the vast majority of today's mental health professionals follow and agree with the current DSM classifications. In recent years, however, there has been a "growing chorus of voices contesting the pathologization of transgender lives and the dominance of medical-scientific narratives about trans experience."<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1093/OBO/9780199791231-0215 |chapter=Transgender Children |title=Childhood Studies |year=2019 |last1=Kennedy |first1=RM |last2=Farley |first2=Lisa |isbn=978-0-19-979123-1 }}</ref> As such, in 2019, the [[World Health Organization]] removed gender dysphoria from the mental illness chapter and moved it instead to the sexual health chapter, changing the term "Gender Dysphoria" to "Gender Incongruence," thereby removing gender dysphoria as a pathological mental illness.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en#/http%3a%2f%2fid.who.int%2ficd%2fentity%2f90875286 | title=ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics | access-date=4 December 2022 | archive-date=1 August 2018 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20180801205234/https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en%23/http://id.who.int/icd/entity/294762853#/http%3a%2f%2fid.who.int%2ficd%2fentity%2f90875286 | url-status=live }}</ref>

===International human rights law===
[[The Yogyakarta Principles]], a document on the application of [[international human rights law]], provide in the preamble a definition of gender identity as each person's deeply felt internal and individual [[experience]] of gender, which may not correspond with the sex assigned at birth, including the person's sense of the body (which may involve, if freely chosen, modification of bodily appearance or function by medical, surgical or other means) and other experience of gender, including dress, speech and mannerism. Principle 3 states that "Each person's self-defined [...] gender identity is integral to their personality and is one of the most basic aspects of self-determination, dignity and freedom. No one shall be forced to undergo medical procedures, including sex reassignment surgery, sterilisation or hormonal therapy, as a requirement for legal recognition of their gender identity."<ref>[[The Yogyakarta Principles]], ''Principle 3. The Right to recognition before the law''</ref> Principle 18 states that "Notwithstanding any classifications to the contrary, a person's sexual orientation and gender identity are not, in and of themselves, medical conditions and are not to be treated, cured or suppressed."<ref>The Yogyakarta Principles, ''Principle 18. Protection from medical abuse''</ref> Relating to this principle, the "Jurisprudential Annotations to the Yogyakarta Principles" observed that "Gender identity differing from that assigned at birth, or socially rejected [[gender expression]], have been treated as a form of [[mental illness]]. The pathologization of difference has led to gender-transgressive children and adolescents being confined in psychiatric institutions, and subjected to aversion techniques – including [[electroshock therapy]] – as a 'cure'."<ref>{{cite web | vauthors = O'Flaherty M, Williams G | title = Jurisprudential Annotations to the Yogyakarta Principles. | publisher = University of Nottingham. | work = Human Rights Law Centre | date = 2007 | page = 43 | url = http://www.yogyakartaprinciples.org/yogyakarta-principles-jurisprudential-annotations.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101122035344/http://www.yogyakartaprinciples.org/yogyakarta-principles-jurisprudential-annotations.pdf | archive-date = 22 November 2010 }}</ref> The "Yogyakarta Principles in Action" says "it is important to note that while 'sexual orientation' has been declassified as a mental illness in many countries, 'gender identity' or 'gender identity disorder' often remains in consideration."<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Quinn S | title = An activist's guide to the yogyakarta principles on the application of international human rights law in relation to sexual orientation and gender identity. | publisher = Nicholson & Bass Limited | date = 2010 | url=http://www.ypinaction.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Activists_Guide_English_nov_14_2010.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170104093608/http://www.ypinaction.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Activists_Guide_English_nov_14_2010.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2017 |access-date=14 February 2018 | page = 100 }}</ref> These Principles influenced the [[LGBT rights at the United Nations|UN declaration on sexual orientation and gender identity]]. In 2015, gender identity was part of the [[United States Supreme Court]] case ''[[Obergefell v. Hodges]]'' in which marriage was no longer legally restricted to be only between man and woman.<ref>{{cite court |litigants= Obergefell et al. V. Hodges, Director, Ohio Department of Health, et al. |court= U.S. Supreme Court |date= 26 June 2015 |url= https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/14pdf/14-556_3204.pdf |archive-date= 12 April 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190412035117/https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/14pdf/14-556_3204.pdf |url-status= live }}</ref>

===Opposing views===
{{main article|Anti-gender movement}}
The anti-gender movement is a global phenomenon that opposes concepts often referred to as "gender ideology" or "gender theory". These loosely-defined terms are commonly used by the movement to critique a range of issues related to [[gender equality]], [[LGBT rights]], and [[gender studies]] including the validity of the concept of gender identity itself.

Originating in the late 20th century, the movement has drawn support from [[right-wing populist]] groups, [[Conservatism|conservative religious]] organizations, and [[Social conservatism|social conservatives]] and the [[far-right]] worldwide. It views advances in gender inclusion and LGBT rights as threats to [[Traditional family values|traditional family]] structures, religious values, and established social norms. The movement has been criticized for promoting [[discrimination]] and undermining [[human rights]] protections, particularly those concerning individuals with diverse gender identities and sexual orientations. Critics argue that it employs [[misinformation]] to delegitimize efforts toward gender inclusion and has been described as a form of [[moral panic]] or [[conspiracy theory]].

A type of [[anti-LGBTQ rhetoric#Anti-gender rhetoric|anti-gender rhetoric]] where people are ascribed a gender that does not match their gender identity is called [[misgendering]]. One example of misgendering is [[deadnaming]], i.e.  using a pre-[[Transitioning (transgender)|transition]] name for someone instead of a post-transition one.