Editing Gog and Magog (section)

=== Barbarian and nomadic identifications ===
Throughout [[Classical antiquity|classical]] and [[late antiquity]], Christian and Jewish writers identified Gog and Magog with a wide diversity of groups:

* '''Romans'''. This identification was made by [[Eusebius]].{{sfn|Lust|1999b|p=375}}
* '''Goths'''. Gog and Magog were connected to the [[Goths]] by [[Ambrose]] (d. 397) and [[Jordanes]] (d. 555). The latter believed that the Goths, Scythians, and [[Amazons]] were all the same.{{sfn|Bietenholz|1994|p=125}}{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|The idea that Gog and Magog were connected with the Goths was longstanding; in the mid-16th century, Archbishop of Uppsala [[Johannes Magnus]] traced the royal family of [[Sweden]] back to Magog son of Japheth, via Suenno, progenitor of the Swedes, and Gog, ancestor of the Goths).{{r|derry}}}} The Goths also represent Gog and Magog in the ε and γ recensions of the [[Alexander Romance]], where the term "Gog and Magog" forms a portmanteau with "Goth" to form "Goth and Magoth".<ref name=":1" />
* '''Scythians'''. The Scythian identification was made by [[Josephus]], [[Jerome]] (d. 420), [[Jordanes]],{{sfn|Bietenholz|1994|p=125}} [[Theodore of Mopsuestia]], [[Theodoret|Theodoret of Cyrrhus]], [[Isidore of Seville]], [[Joannes Zonaras|John Zonaras]], and [[Otto of Freising]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite book |last=Alemany |first=Agusti |title=Gog and Magog: contributions toward a world history of an apocalyptic motif |date=2023 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=9783110720150 |editor-last=Tamer |editor-first=Georges |series=Judaism, Christianity, and Islam - tension, transmission, transformation |location=Berlin Boston |pages=38–40 |chapter=Beyond the Wall: Eurasian Steppe Nomads in the Gog and Magog Motif |editor-last2=Mein |editor-first2=Andrew |editor-last3=Greisiger |editor-first3=Lutz}}</ref>
* '''Sarmatians and Alans'''. This identification was made in [[Josephus]] (for whom the Scythians were a subgroup of the Alans), [[Pseudo-Hegesippus]], and the [[Chronicon Paschale]].<ref name=":13">{{Cite book |last=Alemany |first=Agusti |title=Gog and Magog: contributions toward a world history of an apocalyptic motif |date=2023 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=9783110720150 |editor-last=Tamer |editor-first=Georges |series=Judaism, Christianity, and Islam - tension, transmission, transformation |location=Berlin Boston |pages=40 |chapter=Beyond the Wall: Eurasian Steppe Nomads in the Gog and Magog Motif |editor-last2=Mein |editor-first2=Andrew |editor-last3=Greisiger |editor-first3=Lutz}}</ref>
* '''Huns'''. The [[Byzantine]] writer [[Procopius]] said it was the Huns Alexander had locked out,{{sfn|Bietenholz|1994|pp=125–126}} and in the [[Syriac Alexander Legend]] the kingdom of the Huns is also used to represent Gog and Magog.<ref name=":1" /> This identification can also be found in [[Andreas of Caesarea]], as well as multiple Syriac and Greek texts which followed the identification found in the Syriac Alexander Legend over the course of the seventh century and beyond: the [[Apocalypse of Pseudo-Ephraem]], the [[Apocalypse of Pseudo-Methodius]], the ''Vita Alexandri'', and [[Michael the Syrian]].<ref name=":15">{{Cite book |last=Alemany |first=Agusti |title=Gog and Magog: contributions toward a world history of an apocalyptic motif |date=2023 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=9783110720150 |editor-last=Tamer |editor-first=Georges |series=Judaism, Christianity, and Islam - tension, transmission, transformation |location=Berlin Boston |pages=40–42 |chapter=Beyond the Wall: Eurasian Steppe Nomads in the Gog and Magog Motif |editor-last2=Mein |editor-first2=Andrew |editor-last3=Greisiger |editor-first3=Lutz}}</ref>
* '''Haphthalites'''. This identification was made by [[Movses Kaghankatvatsi]].<ref name=":14">{{Cite book |last=Alemany |first=Agusti |title=Gog and Magog: contributions toward a world history of an apocalyptic motif |date=2023 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=9783110720150 |editor-last=Tamer |editor-first=Georges |series=Judaism, Christianity, and Islam - tension, transmission, transformation |location=Berlin Boston |pages=42 |chapter=Beyond the Wall: Eurasian Steppe Nomads in the Gog and Magog Motif |editor-last2=Mein |editor-first2=Andrew |editor-last3=Greisiger |editor-first3=Lutz}}</ref>
* '''Avars and Magyars'''. This identification was made by [[Isidore of Seville]], [[Theodore Synkellos]], the ''Anonymi Bele regis notarii Gesta Hungarorum'', and the ''Chronicon Pictum''.<ref name=":16">{{Cite book |last=Alemany |first=Agusti |title=Gog and Magog: contributions toward a world history of an apocalyptic motif |date=2023 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=9783110720150 |editor-last=Tamer |editor-first=Georges |series=Judaism, Christianity, and Islam - tension, transmission, transformation |location=Berlin Boston |pages=43–44 |chapter=Beyond the Wall: Eurasian Steppe Nomads in the Gog and Magog Motif |editor-last2=Mein |editor-first2=Andrew |editor-last3=Greisiger |editor-first3=Lutz}}</ref>
* '''Turks'''. In Islamic tradition, the following authors identified Gog and Magog as the Turks: [[Abu Hurayra]], [[al-Dahhak ibn Muzahim]], [[Al-Baydawi]], Al-Qazwini, and [[Al-Majlisi]].<ref name=":17">{{Cite book |last=Alemany |first=Agusti |title=Gog and Magog: contributions toward a world history of an apocalyptic motif |date=2023 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=9783110720150 |editor-last=Tamer |editor-first=Georges |series=Judaism, Christianity, and Islam - tension, transmission, transformation |location=Berlin Boston |pages=44–45 |chapter=Beyond the Wall: Eurasian Steppe Nomads in the Gog and Magog Motif |editor-last2=Mein |editor-first2=Andrew |editor-last3=Greisiger |editor-first3=Lutz}}</ref>
* '''Khazars'''. This identification was made by [[Aethicus Ister]], [[Iovane Sabanisje]], [[Christian of Stavelot]], [[Ahmad ibn Fadlan]], and the ''[[Hadith Dhulqarnayn]]''.<ref name=":18">{{Cite book |last=Alemany |first=Agusti |title=Gog and Magog: contributions toward a world history of an apocalyptic motif |date=2023 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=9783110720150 |editor-last=Tamer |editor-first=Georges |series=Judaism, Christianity, and Islam - tension, transmission, transformation |location=Berlin Boston |pages=45–46 |chapter=Beyond the Wall: Eurasian Steppe Nomads in the Gog and Magog Motif |editor-last2=Mein |editor-first2=Andrew |editor-last3=Greisiger |editor-first3=Lutz}}</ref>
* '''Mongols and Tartars'''. This identification was made by the ''[[Historia de Preliis]]'', [[Richer of Senones]], [[Matthew Paris]], [[Marco Polo]], [[Hayton of Corycus]], [[Riccoldo da Monte di Croce]], and the ''Continuation of Barhebraeus''.<ref name=":19">{{Cite book |last=Alemany |first=Agusti |title=Gog and Magog: contributions toward a world history of an apocalyptic motif |date=2023 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=9783110720150 |editor-last=Tamer |editor-first=Georges |series=Judaism, Christianity, and Islam - tension, transmission, transformation |location=Berlin Boston |pages=50–51 |chapter=Beyond the Wall: Eurasian Steppe Nomads in the Gog and Magog Motif |editor-last2=Mein |editor-first2=Andrew |editor-last3=Greisiger |editor-first3=Lutz}}</ref> 
* '''Other'''. A Western monk named Fredegar seems to have Gog and Magog in mind in his description of savage hordes from beyond Alexander's gates who had assisted the Byzantine emperor [[Heraclius]] (610–641) against the Muslim [[Saracens]].{{sfn|Bietenholz|1994|pp=125–126}}