Editing Gothic Revival architecture (section)

==Global Gothic==
[[File:CSTM Mumbai Panoramic view by Dr. Raju Kasambe 20190712 (4) (cropped and fixed angles).jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.5|[[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus]] in [[Mumbai]], India. A mixture of Romanesque, Gothic and [[Indo-Saracenic architecture|Indian elements]].]]
[[Henry-Russell Hitchcock]], the architectural historian, noted the spread of the Gothic Revival in the 19th and early 20th centuries, "wherever English culture extended – as far as the West Coast of the United States and to the remotest Antipodes".{{sfn|Hitchcock|1968|p=97}} The [[British Empire]], almost at its geographic peak at the height of the Gothic Revival, assisted or compelled this spread. The English-speaking [[dominions]], Canada, Australia particularly the state of Victoria and New Zealand generally adopted British styles in toto (see above); other parts of the empire saw regional adaptations. India saw the construction of many such buildings, in styles termed [[Indo-Saracenic architecture|Indo-Saracenic]] or Hindu-Gothic.{{efn|[[William Burges]]'s unexecuted plans for the [[Sir J. J. School of Art]], the “most marvellous design that he ever made”, were described as “compelling rigid thirteenth century Gothic to fulfil the requirements of the [[torrid zone]]”.{{sfn|London|2002|p=22}}}}{{sfn|Morris|1986|p=31}} Notable examples include [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus]] (formerly Victoria Terminus){{sfn|Morris|1986|p=133}} and the [[Taj Mahal Palace Hotel]], both in [[Mumbai]].{{sfn|Morris|1986|pp=149–150}} At the hill station of [[Shimla]], the [[summer capital]] of [[British Raj|British India]], an attempt was made to recreate the [[Home counties]] in the foothills of the [[Himalayas]]. Although Gothic Revival was the predominant architectural style, alternatives were also deployed; [[Rashtrapati Niwas]], the former Viceregal Lodge, has been variously described as [[Scottish baronial architecture#Scottish Baronial Revival|Scottish Baronial Revival]],{{sfn|Morris|1986|p=75}} [[Tudor Revival architecture|Tudor Revival]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.victorianweb.org/art/architecture/irwin/1.html|title=The Viceregal Lodge (now the Institute of Advanced Studies), Shimla, India, by Henry Irwin|publisher=The Victorian Web|website=www.victorianweb.org|access-date=6 May 2020}}</ref> and [[Jacobethan]].{{efn|Thomas R. Metcalf, in his study ''An Imperial Vision: Indian Architecture and the British Raj'', records a debate at the [[Royal Society of Arts]] in London in 1873 between proponents of the European and indigenous approaches. While T. Roger Smith contended that, "as our administration exhibits European justice, order, law and honour, so our buildings ought to hold up a high standard of European art", William Emerson argued that "it is impossible for the architecture of the west to be suitable for the natives of the east".{{sfn|Metcalf|1989|p=1}}}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.victorianweb.org/art/architecture/irwin/das/2.html|title=Henry Irwin and the Indo Saracenic Movement Reconsidered: The Lodge on Observatory Hill|publisher=The Victorian Web|website=www.victorianweb.org|access-date=6 May 2020}}</ref>

Other examples in the east include the late 19th century [[Church of the Saviour, Beijing]], constructed on the orders of the [[Guangxu Emperor]] and designed by the Catholic missionary and architect [[Alphonse Favier]];{{sfn|Clark|2019|p=XXIII}} and the [[Wat Niwet Thammaprawat]] in the [[Bang Pa-In Royal Palace]] in [[Bangkok]], by the Italian [[Joachim Grassi]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/life/arts-and-entertainment/1873849|title=Gothic but Buddhist|first=Sarot|last=Meksophawannakul|newspaper=Bangkok Post|date=8 March 2020|access-date=5 May 2020}}</ref> In Indonesia, (the former colony of the [[Dutch East Indies]]), the [[Jakarta Cathedral]] was begun in 1891 and completed in 1901 by Dutch architect Antonius Dijkmans;<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2013/05/06/parishioners-split-cathedral-ac-installation.html|title=Parishioners split on Cathedral AC installation|first=Indah |last=Setiawati|publisher=The Jakarta Post|date = 6 May 2013|access-date=6 May 2020}}</ref> while further north in the islands of the Philippines, the [[San Sebastian Church (Manila)|San Sebastian Church]], designed by architects Genaro Palacios and [[Gustave Eiffel]], was consecrated in 1891 in the still Spanish colony.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/518/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150323202626/http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/518/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 March 2015 |title=San Sebastian Church|publisher=UNESCO |access-date=11 May 2018}}</ref> Church building in [[South Africa]] was extensive, with little or no effort to adopt vernacular forms. [[Robert Gray (bishop of Cape Town)|Robert Gray]], the first [[Anglican Diocese of Cape Town|bishop]] of [[Cape Town]], wrote; "I am sure we do not overestimate the importance of real Churches built after the fashion of our English churches". He oversaw the construction of some fifty such buildings between 1848 and his death in 1872.{{efn|An unusual feature of the church building programme overseen by [[Robert Gray (bishop of Cape Town)|Bishop Gray]] was that the majority of the churches were designed by his wife, [[Sophy Gray|Sophy]], a considerable rarity at a time when women were almost entirely excluded from the [[profession]]s.{{sfn|Martin|2012|p=117}}}}{{sfn|Martin|2012|p=121}} [[South America]] saw a later flourishing of the Revival, particularly in church architecture,{{sfn|Sundt|2017|p=119}} for example the [[São Paulo Cathedral|Metropolitan Cathedral of São Paulo]] in Brazil by the German [[Maximilian Emil Hehl]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cidadedesaopaulo.com/v2/atrativos/catedral-da-se/|title=Cidade de São Paulo|publisher=City of São Paulo Tourism Office|access-date=6 May 2020|archive-date=17 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717053822/http://cidadedesaopaulo.com/v2/atrativos/catedral-da-se/|url-status=dead}}</ref> the [[Basílica del Voto Nacional|Basilica of the National Vow]] in Ecuador, the [[Sanctuary of Las Lajas]] in Colombia, the [[Basílica de Nuestra Señora del Perpetuo Socorro]] in Chile, or the [[Cathedral of La Plata]] in Argentina.{{sfn|Sundt|2017|pp=124–125}}