Editing Grammatical number (section)

===Conflated numbers===

Some number categories, formed from the combination of other existing categories, have only been attested as occurring secondarily alongside other grammatical number systems within a language. These have been called conflated numbers.<ref name="Corbett2000p121">{{cite book |last=Corbett |first=Greville G. |author-link=Greville G Corbett |year=2004 |orig-year=2000 |title=Number |series=Cambridge Textbooks in Linguistics |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=121–124 |isbn=0-511-01591-7 }}</ref>

====Singular-dual====

A few languages have specific parts of speech that distinguish between two number categories: one or two, and more than two. The former category can be thought of as a single conflated singular-dual number.<ref name="Corbett2000p121"/> For example, in the nouns of [[Kalaw Lagaw Ya]]:<ref name="Comrie1981">{{cite journal |last=Comrie |first=Bernard |author-link=Bernard Comrie |date=1981 |title=Ergativity and Grammatical Relations in Kalaw Lagaw Ya (Saibai Dialect) |journal=Australian Journal of Linguistics |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=1–42 [6–7] |doi=10.1080/07268608108599265 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Mitchell |first=Rod |date=2015 |title={{lang|mwp|Ngalmun Lagaw Yangukudu|cat=no|italic=no}}: The Language of Our Homeland |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281704475 |journal=Memoirs of the Queensland Museum - Culture |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=325–452 [362, 379, 382–383] |issn=1440-4788 |access-date=2024-03-09 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309110919/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Rod-Mitchell-2/publication/281704475_Ngalmun_Lagaw_Yangukudu_The_language_of_our_homeland/links/62b6ad2289e4f1160c999024/Ngalmun-Lagaw-Yangukudu-The-language-of-our-homeland.pdf |archive-date= 2024-03-09}}</ref>

*{{lang|mwp|ùmay}} - "dog(s)" (one or two)
*{{lang|mwp|ùmay'''l'''}} - "dogs" (plural, three or more)

The pronouns and verbs of Kalaw Lagaw Ya distinguish singular, dual, and plural, leaving no ambiguity between one and two in full sentences.<ref name="Comrie1981"/>

While Kalaw Lagaw Ya has the singular-dual in all nouns, [[Pame languages|Central Pame]] has it specifically in inanimate nouns, such as {{lang|pbs|'''č'''ihàgŋ}}, spoon(s) (one or two), and {{lang|pbs|'''š'''ihàgŋ}}, spoons (plural, three or more). Pame animate nouns largely have a full three-way distinction: {{lang|pbs|'''n'''adò}}, dog (singular); {{lang|pbs|'''n'''adò'''i'''}}, two dogs (dual); and {{lang|pbs|'''l'''adò'''t'''}}, dogs (plural).<ref>{{cite journal |author-last1=Gibson |author-first1=Lorna |author-last2=Bartholomew |author-first2=Doris |author-link2=Doris Bartholomew |date=1979 |title=Pame Noun Inflection |url=http://www.balsas-nahuatl.org/mixtec/Christian_articles/Otomanguean/Gibson_Bartholomew.pdf |journal=International Journal of American Linguistics |volume=45 |issue=4 |pages=309–322 [311] |doi=10.1086/465613 |access-date=2024-03-10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310185818/http://www.balsas-nahuatl.org/mixtec/Christian_articles/Otomanguean/Gibson_Bartholomew.pdf |archive-date=2024-03-10 }}</ref> 

The singular-dual may also be found in verbs: [[Hopi language|Hopi]] verbs distinguish singular-dual and plural (3+), while Hopi pronouns distinguish singular and plural (2+). The dual can be represented with a plural pronoun combined with a singular-dual verb. This phenomenon has been called a constructed number<ref name="Corbett2000p169">{{cite book |last=Corbett |first=Greville G. |author-link=Greville G Corbett |year=2004 |orig-year=2000 |title=Number |series=Cambridge Textbooks in Linguistics |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=169 |isbn=0-511-01591-7 }}</ref> or a Frankendual.<ref name="Harbour2020p60">{{cite journal |last=Harbour |first=Daniel |date=2020 |title=Frankenduals: Their Typology, Structure, and Significance |url=https://www.linguisticsociety.org/sites/default/files/04_96.1Harbour.pdf |journal=Language |volume=96 |issue=1 |pages=60–93 [60] |doi=10.1353/lan.2020.0002 |access-date=2024-03-11 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240311174251/https://www.linguisticsociety.org/sites/default/files/04_96.1Harbour.pdf |archive-date=2024-03-11 }}</ref> However, Hopi nouns still overtly distinguish singular, dual, and plural. [[Idi language|Idi]] goes even further by having no specific dual markers of any kind for any part of speech, with the only way to represent dual being combining a singular-dual verb with a plural noun.<ref>{{cite conference |last=Schokkin |first=Dineke |title=The Multifaceted Expression of Number on the Idi Verb |conference=11th International Austronesian and Papuan Languages and Linguistics Conference (APLL11) |page=[54] (unnumbered) |year=2019 |location=Leidan, Netherlands |url=https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/binaries/content/assets/geesteswetenschappen/lucl/apll11/apll11-booklet-of-abstracts-2019-03-01.pdf#page=56 |access-date=2024-03-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312061343/https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/binaries/content/assets/geesteswetenschappen/lucl/apll11/apll11-booklet-of-abstracts-2019-03-01.pdf#page=56 |archive-date=2024-03-12 }}</ref> A more complex example comes from [[Koasati language|Koasati]], where besides plural, some verbs have singular and dual, some verbs just have singular, and some verbs just have singular-dual:<ref>{{cite book |last=Kimball |first=Geoffrey D. |others=With the assistance of Bel Abbey, Nora Abbey, Martha John, Ed John, and Ruth Poncho |year=1991 |title=Koasati Grammar |series=Studies in the Anthropology of North American Indians |location=Lincoln |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |page=323 |isbn=0-8032-2725-6 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Some Koasati verbs
|-
! Verb
! Singular
! Dual
! Plural
|-
! "to sit"
| {{lang|cku|cokkó:lin}}
| {{lang|cku|cikkí:kan}}
| {{lang|cku|í:san}}
|-
! "to run"
| {{lang|cku|walí:kan}}
| colspan=2 | {{lang|cku|tóɬkan}}
|-
! "to die"
| colspan=2 | {{lang|cku|íllin}}
| {{lang|cku|hápkan}}
|}

====Singular-dual-trial====

In the [[Tucanoan languages|Tucanoan language]] of [[Tuyuca language|Tuyuca]], inanimate classifiers (which attach to nouns) distinguish one to three versus more than three:<ref name="Corbett2000p123">{{cite book |last=Corbett |first=Greville G. |author-link=Greville G Corbett |year=2004 |orig-year=2000 |title=Number |series=Cambridge Textbooks in Linguistics |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=123 |isbn=0-511-01591-7 }}</ref><ref name="Barnes1990">{{cite book |last=Barnes |first=Janet |editor-last=Payne |editor-first=Doris L. |editor-link=Doris L. Payne |year=1990 |title=Amazonian Linguistics: Studies in Lowland South American Languages |chapter=Classifiers in Tuyuca |location=Austin, TX |publisher=University of Texas Press |pages=273–292 [274–275, 283] |isbn=978-0-292-72364-1 }}</ref>

*{{lang|tue|hoópór'''o'''}} - "banana(s)" (one to three)
*{{lang|tue|hoópór'''i'''}} - "bananas" (plural, four or more)

The related Tucanoan language of [[Wanano language|Wanano]] also has some nouns that function this way.<ref name="Waltz2002">{{cite journal |last=Waltz |first=Nathan E. |date=2002 |title=Innovations in Wanano (Eastern Tucanoan) When Compared to Piratapuyo |journal=International Journal of American Linguistics |volume=68 |issue=2 |pages=157–215 [189–190] |doi=10.1086/466485 |jstor=1265637 }}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis |degree=PhD |last=Stenzel |first=Kristine Sue |year=2004 |title=A Reference Grammar of Wanano |url=https://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese:stenzel-2004/stenzel_2004_wanano.pdf |pages=185–190 |publisher=University of Colorado |access-date=2024-03-13 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208130840/https://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese:stenzel-2004/stenzel_2004_wanano.pdf |archive-date=2023-12-08 }}</ref>

The same number distinction is also seen in the verb for "climb" in [[Miriwoong language|Miriwoong]], an Australian language.<ref name="Bach2023"/>

====Singular-dual-trial-quadral====

In [[Wanano language| Piratapuyo]], closely related to Wanano, some nouns with inanimate classifiers distinguish between one and four versus more than four:<ref name="Waltz2002"/><ref name="Waltz2012">{{cite book |last=Waltz |first=Nathan E. |editor-last1=Jones |editor-first1=Paula Simmons |editor-last2=Waltz |editor-first2=Carolyn |year=2012 |title={{lang|es|Diccionario Bilingüe|cat=no}}: Piratapuyo-{{lang|es|Español, Español|cat=no}}-Piratapuyo |language=es |url=https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/21/32/05/21320596936256302259008409377610888646/pirdic1ed2012.pdf |location=Bogotá |publisher=Editorial Fundación para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Marginados |pages=141, 146 |access-date=2024-03-13 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313144838/https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/21/32/05/21320596936256302259008409377610888646/pirdic1ed2012.pdf |archive-date=2024-03-13 |isbn=978-958-46-1598-5 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Balykova |first=Kristina |date=2021 |title=Quantificação e Individuação em Wa'ikhana |language=pt |url=https://periodicos.sbu.unicamp.br/ojs/index.php/liames/article/view/8661280/26570 |journal=Liames: {{lang|pt|Línguas Indígenas Americanas|cat=no}} |volume=21 |pages=1–21 [16] |access-date=2024-03-16 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808100206/https://periodicos.sbu.unicamp.br/ojs/index.php/liames/article/download/8661280/26570/99371 |archive-date=2022-08-08 |doi=10.20396/liames.v21i00.8661280 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

*{{lang|pir|pika}} - "finger(s)" (one to four)
*{{lang|pir|pika'''ri'''}} - "fingers" (plural, five or more)

====Singular-paucal====

[[Zuni language|Zuni]], similarly to Hopi, shows a singular-dual versus plural distinction in its verbs, and a plural noun with a nonplural verb indicates dual. However, the opposite combination, a nonplural noun with a plural verb, is also possible, and can be variably interpreted as one, two, or a few. Zuni nouns have thus been described as having a "singular-paucal" versus plural distinction.<ref name="Walker1966">{{cite journal |last=Walker |first=Willard |date=1966 |title=Inflectional Class and Taxonomic Structure in Zuni |journal=International Journal of American Linguistics |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=217–227 [217, 217n3] |doi=10.1086/464906 |jstor=1263461 }}</ref><ref name="Harbour2020p87">{{cite journal |last=Harbour |first=Daniel |date=2020 |title=Frankenduals: Their Typology, Structure, and Significance |url=https://www.linguisticsociety.org/sites/default/files/04_96.1Harbour.pdf |journal=Language |volume=96 |issue=1 |pages=60–93 [87–89] |doi=10.1353/lan.2020.0002 |access-date=2024-03-11 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240311174251/https://www.linguisticsociety.org/sites/default/files/04_96.1Harbour.pdf |archive-date=2024-03-11 }}</ref>

Some nouns in [[Navajo language|Navajo]] have also been described as working this way, such as:<ref>{{cite journal |last=Witherspoon |first=Gary J. |author-link=Gary Witherspoon |date=1971 |title=Navajo Categories of Objects at Rest |journal=American Anthropologist |series=N.s. |volume=73 |issue=1 |pages=110–127 [112] |doi=10.1525/aa.1971.73.1.02a00090 |jstor=671816 }}</ref>

*{{lang|nv|kǫ}} - "fire(s)" (one or several)
*{{lang|nv|'''daa'''kǫ}} - "fires" (many)

Similarly, although Larike pronouns exhibit singular, dual, trial, and plural, they can only be used for human referents. For nonhuman referents, there are only two possible numbers, which are marked on the verb: a plural, and a "singular" that can be used to mean anywhere from one to a few.<ref name="Corbett2000p123"/>

====Nondual====

The nondual{{efn|Variously spelled as either nondual<ref>See:
*{{cite journal |last=Evans |first=Nicholas |author-link=Nicholas Evans (linguist) |date=2014 |title=Positional Verbs in Nen |url=https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/14019/1/Evans%20Positional%20Verbs%20in%20Nen%202014.pdf |journal=Oceanic Linguistics |volume=53 |issue=2 |pages=225–255 [228n†, 229, 229n10, 231–237, 233n17, 235n20] |doi=10.1353/ol.2014.0019 |hdl=1885/14019 |access-date=2024-03-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724191507/https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/14019/1/Evans%20Positional%20Verbs%20in%20Nen%202014.pdf |archive-date=2023-07-24 }}
*{{cite journal |last=Harbour |first=Daniel |date=2020 |title=Frankenduals: Their Typology, Structure, and Significance |url=https://www.linguisticsociety.org/sites/default/files/04_96.1Harbour.pdf |journal=Language |volume=96 |issue=1 |pages=60–93 [60n1] |doi=10.1353/lan.2020.0002 |access-date=2024-03-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240311174251/https://www.linguisticsociety.org/sites/default/files/04_96.1Harbour.pdf |archive-date=2024-03-11 }}
*{{cite book |last=Siegel |first=Jeff |year=2023 |title=A Grammar of Nama: A Papuan Language of Southern New Guinea |series=Pacific Linguistics, vol. 668 |location=Berlin |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |pages=122–125, 127–128, 133–134, 137, 139, 141–146, 148, 150–152, 155, 217, 238, 264, 295, 302–304, 302n51, 313–314, 316, 318 |isbn=978-3-11-107701-7 }}
</ref> or non-dual.<ref>See:
*{{cite book |author-last1=McDonald |author-first1=M. |author-last2=Wurm |author-first2=S. A. |author-link2=Stephen Wurm |year=1979 |title=Basic Materials in Waŋkumara (Gaḷali): Grammar, Sentences and Vocabulary |url=http://sealang.net/archives/pl/pdf/PL-B65.pdf |series=Pacific Linguistics, Series B - No. 65 |location=Canberra |publisher=Australian National University |pages=18–19 |isbn=0-85883-202-X |access-date=2024-04-11 |archive-date=2020-01-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200110025746/http://sealang.net/archives/pl/pdf/PL-B65.pdf |url-status=bot: unknown }}
*{{cite book |last=Siegl |first=Florian |year= |title=Materials on Forest Enets, an Indigenous Language of Northern Siberia |series=Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia / Mémoires de la Société Finno-Ougrienne, 267 |location=Helsinki |publisher=Société Finno-Ougrienne |page=280 |isbn=978-952-5667-46-2 }}
*{{cite book |last=Sutton |first=Logan |editor-last1=Berez |editor-first1=Andrea L. |editor-link1=Andrea L. Berez-Kroeker |editor-last2=Mulder |editor-first2=Jean |editor-link2=Jean Mulder |editor-last3=Rosenblum |editor-first3=Daisy |year=2010 |title=Fieldwork and Linguistic Analysis in Indigenous Languages of the Americas |url=https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/88057c69-25c4-499d-9a23-ab017f32d6b6/content |series=Language Documentation & Conservation Special Publication No. 2 |location=Honolulu |publisher=University of Hawai‘i Press |pages=57–89 [68] |chapter=Noun Class and Number in Kiowa-Tanoan: Comparative-Historical Research and Respecting Speakers' Rights in Fieldwork |access-date=2024-03-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240315192418/https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/88057c69-25c4-499d-9a23-ab017f32d6b6/content |archive-date=2024-03-15 |isbn=978-0-8248-3530-9 }}</ref>}} number means any number except two. For example, in [[Wilson River language|Wangkumara]]:<ref name="McDonald1979">{{cite book |author-last1=McDonald |author-first1=M. |author-last2=Wurm |author-first2=S. A. |author-link2=Stephen Wurm |year=1979 |title=Basic Materials in Waŋkumara (Gaḷali): Grammar, Sentences and Vocabulary |url=http://sealang.net/archives/pl/pdf/PL-B65.pdf |series=Pacific Linguistics, Series B - No. 65 |location=Canberra |publisher=Australian National University |pages=16–19, 22, 24, 28, 67 |isbn=0-85883-202-X |access-date=2024-04-11 |archive-date=2020-01-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200110025746/http://sealang.net/archives/pl/pdf/PL-B65.pdf |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>

*{{lang|xwk|d̯it̯i}} - "dog(s)" (nondual, one or three or more than three)
*{{lang|xwk|d̯it̯i'''bula'''}} - "two dogs" (dual)

Wangkumara does not normally mark number directly on nouns. Instead, it distinguishes singular, dual, and plural using adnominal pronouns, plural-indicating adjectives like 'many', or marking on other adjectives. The exception is that nouns take the dual enclitic when referring to two. Thus for nouns alone, the only distinction is dual and nondual.<ref name="McDonald1979"/>

A more complex system can be found in the [[Tanoan languages]] of [[Kiowa language|Kiowa]] and [[Jemez language|Jemez]]. These languages have what is called an inverse number system. Although the languages distinguish between singular, dual, and plural, any given noun only has a single possible number marker. What number is implicit in an unmarked noun depends on its class. In Kiowa, by default, Class I nouns are singular-dual, Class II nouns are plural (two or more), Class III nouns are dual, and Class IV nouns are mass nouns with no number. The inverse number marker changes the noun to whatever number(s) the unmarked noun isn't, such as changing Class III nouns from dual to nondual.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sutton |first=Logan |editor-last1=Berez |editor-first1=Andrea L. |editor-link1=Andrea L. Berez-Kroeker |editor-last2=Mulder |editor-first2=Jean |editor-link2=Jean Mulder |editor-last3=Rosenblum |editor-first3=Daisy |year=2010 |title=Fieldwork and Linguistic Analysis in Indigenous Languages of the Americas |url=https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/88057c69-25c4-499d-9a23-ab017f32d6b6/content |series=Language Documentation & Conservation Special Publication No. 2 |location=Honolulu |publisher=University of Hawai‘i Press |pages=57–89 [60] |chapter=Noun Class and Number in Kiowa-Tanoan: Comparative-Historical Research and Respecting Speakers' Rights in Fieldwork |access-date=2024-03-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240315192418/https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/88057c69-25c4-499d-9a23-ab017f32d6b6/content |archive-date=2024-03-15 |isbn=978-0-8248-3530-9 }}</ref> In Jemez, Class III nouns are the opposite: they are inherently nondual, and get marked for dual.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sutton |first=Logan |editor-last1=Berez |editor-first1=Andrea L. |editor-link1=Andrea L. Berez-Kroeker |editor-last2=Mulder |editor-first2=Jean |editor-link2=Jean Mulder |editor-last3=Rosenblum |editor-first3=Daisy |year=2010 |title=Fieldwork and Linguistic Analysis in Indigenous Languages of the Americas |url=https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/88057c69-25c4-499d-9a23-ab017f32d6b6/content |series=Language Documentation & Conservation Special Publication No. 2 |location=Honolulu |publisher=University of Hawai‘i Press |pages=57–89 [67–68] |chapter=Noun Class and Number in Kiowa-Tanoan: Comparative-Historical Research and Respecting Speakers' Rights in Fieldwork |access-date=2024-03-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240315192418/https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/88057c69-25c4-499d-9a23-ab017f32d6b6/content |archive-date=2024-03-15 |isbn=978-0-8248-3530-9 }}</ref>

<div style=display:inline-grid>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Some Kiowa nouns<ref>{{cite book |last=Harbour |first=Daniel |editor-last1=Matushansky |editor-first1=Ora |editor-last2=Marantz |editor-first2=Alec |editor-link2=Alec Marantz |year=2013 |title=Distributed Morphology Today: Morphemes for Morris Halle |location=Cambridge, MA |publisher=MIT Press |chapter="Not Plus" Isn't "Not There": Bivalence in Person, Number, and Gender |page=135–150 [142] |isbn=978-0-262-01967-5 }}</ref>
|-
! Class
! Noun
! Singular
! Dual
! Plural
|-
! I
! bug
| colspan=2 | {{lang|kio|pól}}
| {{lang|kio|pól'''dau'''}}
|-
! II
! stick
| {{lang|kio|áa'''dau'''}}
| colspan=2 | {{lang|kio|áa}}
|-
! rowspan=2 | III
! rowspan=2 | tomato
| style="border-style: solid none solid solid;" rowspan=2 | {{lang|kio|k’âun'''dau'''}}
| {{lang|kio|k’âun}}
| style="border-style: solid solid solid none;" rowspan=2 | {{lang|kio|k’âun'''dau'''}}
|-
| style="border-style: none none none none;" |
|-
! IV
! rock
| colspan=3 | {{lang|kio|ts’ów}}
|}
</div>
<div style=display:inline-grid>
&nbsp;
&nbsp;
&nbsp;
</div>
<div style=display:inline-grid>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Some Jemez nouns<ref>{{cite book |last=Mithun |first=Marianne |author-link=Marianne Mithun |year=2006 |orig-year=1999 |title=The Languages of Native North America |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=81 |isbn=0-521-23228-7 }}</ref>
|-
! Class
! Noun
! Singular
! Dual
! Plural
|-
! I
! crow
| {{lang|tow|kyáá}}
| colspan=2 |{{lang|tow|kyáá'''sh'''}}
|-
! II
! bridge
| colspan=2 | {{lang|tow|wáákwe'''sh'''}}
| {{lang|tow|wáákwe}}
|-
! rowspan=2 | III
! rowspan=2 | flower
| style="border-style: solid none solid solid;" rowspan=2 | {{lang|tow|pá}}
| {{lang|kio|pá'''sh'''}}
| style="border-style: solid solid solid none;" rowspan=2 | {{lang|tow|pá}}
|-
| style="border-style: none none none none;" |
|-
! IV
! snow
| colspan=3 | {{lang|tow|zú}}
|}
</div>

The nondual versus dual distinction may also be found in verbs. [[Timbisha language|Timbisha]] has verbs with several different possible number distinctions, including nondual ones.<ref name="McLaughlin2018">{{cite journal |last=McLaughlin |first=John E. |date=2018 |title=Expanding to the Edges: Central Numic Dual Number |url=https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1830&context=english_facpub |journal=International Journal of American Linguistics |volume=84 |issue=3 |pages=359–381 [370–371] |doi=10.1086/697587 |access-date=2024-03-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502044421/https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1830&context=english_facpub |archive-date=2022-05-02 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> A more minor example is [[Enets language|Forest Enets]], which has the nondual only in its intransitive third person imperative verbs.<ref>{{cite book |last=Siegl |first=Florian |year= |title=Materials on Forest Enets, an Indigenous Language of Northern Siberia |series=Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia / Mémoires de la Société Finno-Ougrienne, 267 |location=Helsinki |publisher=Société Finno-Ougrienne |page=280 |isbn=978-952-5667-46-2 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Some Timbisha verbs
|-
! Verb
! Singular
! Dual
! Plural
|-
! "to emerge"
| {{lang|par|to’e}}
| {{lang|par|toto’e}}
| {{lang|par|kɨa}}
|-
! "to fall"
| {{lang|par|pahe}}
| colspan=2 | {{lang|par|pokoa}}
|-
! "to kill"
| colspan=2 | {{lang|par|pakka}}
| {{lang|par|wasɨ}}
|-
! rowspan=2 |"to go"
| style="border-style: solid none solid solid;" rowspan=2 | {{lang|par|mi’a}}
| {{lang|par|mimi’a}}
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The nondual violates a proposed universal of conflated systems, namely that they will always encompass every value except plural.<ref>{{cite book |last=Corbett |first=Greville G. |author-link=Greville G Corbett |year=2004 |orig-year=2000 |title=Number |series=Cambridge Textbooks in Linguistics |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=123–124 |isbn=0-511-01591-7 }}</ref> Regardless, the nondual has still been referred to as a conflation of number values.<ref>{{cite book |last=Siegel |first=Jeff |year=2023 |title=A Grammar of Nama: A Papuan Language of Southern New Guinea |series=Pacific Linguistics, vol. 668 |location=Berlin |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |page=302 |isbn=978-3-11-107701-7 }}</ref>