Editing Habitat fragmentation (section)

==== Communication behaviours ====
Fragmentation affecting the communication behaviours of birds has been well studied in Dupont's Lark. The Larks primarily reside in regions of Spain and are a small passerine bird which uses songs as a means of cultural transmission between members of the species.<ref name="DeMars2017" /> The Larks have two distinct vocalizations, the song, and the territorial call. The territorial call is used by males to defend and signal territory from other male Larks and is shared between neighbouring territories when males respond to a rivals song.<ref name="Laiolo2005">{{cite journal |last1=Laiolo |first1=Paola |last2=Tella |first2=José L |title=Habitat fragmentation affects culture transmission: patterns of song matching in Dupont's lark |journal=Journal of Applied Ecology |date=2005 |volume=42 |issue=6 |pages=1183–1193 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2664.2005.01093.x|bibcode=2005JApEc..42.1183L |hdl=10261/57878 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Occasionally it is used as a threat signal to signify an impending attack on territory.<ref name="Laiolo2007">{{cite journal |last1=Laiolo |first1=Paola |last2=Tella |first2=José L |title=Erosion of animal cultures in fragmented landscapes |journal= Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment|date=2007 |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=68–72 |doi=10.1890/1540-9295(2007)5[68:eoacif]2.0.co;2}}</ref> A large song repertoire can enhance a male's ability to survive and reproduce as he has a greater ability to defend his territory from other males, and a larger number of males in the species means a larger variety of songs being transmitted.<ref name="Laiolo2005" /> Fragmentation of the Dupont's Lark territory from agriculture, forestry and urbanization appears to have a large effect on their communication structures.<ref name="Laiolo2007" /> Males only perceive territories of a certain distance to be rivals and so isolation of territory from others due to fragmentation leads to a decrease in territorial calls as the males no longer have any reason to use it or have any songs to match.<ref name="Laiolo2007" />

[[Human]]s have also brought on varying implications into ecosystems which in turn affect animal behaviour and responses generated.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Wong|first1=B. B. M.|last2=Candolin|first2=U.|date=2015-05-01|title=Behavioral responses to changing environments|journal=Behavioral Ecology|language=en|volume=26|issue=3|pages=665–673|doi=10.1093/beheco/aru183|issn=1045-2249|doi-access=free|hdl=10.1093/beheco/aru183|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Although there are some species which are able to survive these kinds of harsh conditions, such as, cutting down wood in the forests for [[Pulp and paper industry|pulp and paper]] industries, there are animals which can survive this change but some that cannot. An example includes, varying [[aquatic insect]]s are able to identify appropriate ponds to lay their eggs with the aid of [[Polarized light pollution|polarized light]] to guide them, however, due to [[ecosystem]] modifications caused by humans they are led onto artificial structures which emit artificial light which are induced by dry asphalt dry roads for an example.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/221958968|title=polarized Light Pollution: a new kind of ecological photopollution|website=Research Gate}}</ref>