Editing History of broadcasting (section)

=== United States ===
{{Main|Radio in the United States}}
[[File:Fessenden.JPG|thumb|Reginald Fessenden, the "''father"'' of radio broadcasting in the US]]
[[Reginald Fessenden]] did ground-breaking experiments with voice and music by 1906.<ref>{{cite book|first=Mike|last=Adams|year=2012|title=Lee de Forest, King of Radio, Television and Film|publisher=Copernicus Books |page=100 |isbn=978-1-4614-0418-7}}</ref> [[Charles Herrold|Charles "Doc" Herrold]] of [[San Jose, California]] sent out broadcasts as early as April 1909 from his Herrold School electronics institute in downtown San Jose, using the identification ''San Jose Calling'', and then a variety of different [[radio call sign|call signs]] as the [[Department of Commerce]] began to regulate radio.<ref name="Charles Herrold">{{cite web |title=Charles Herrold – America's First Broadcaster |url=http://www.charlesherrold.org/|access-date=2008-10-13}}</ref> He was on the air daily for nearly a decade when the World War interrupted operations.{{fact|date=July 2022}}

[[File:Doc Herrold is shown at the microphone of KQW, early 1920s- 2013-10-17 07-44.jpg|thumbnail|left|"Doc" Herrold is shown at the microphone of KQW, early 1920s.]]
[[File:1916 Charles Logwood at radio station 2XG.jpg|thumb|left|Charles Logwood broadcasting at station 2XG, New York City, ''circa'' November, 1916<ref>{{cite journal|title=Election Returns Flashed by Radio to 7,000 Amateurs|journal=The Electrical Experimenter|date=January 1917|page=650}}</ref>]]
[[Radio 2XG|Pioneer radio station 2XG]], also known as the "Highbridge station", was an experimental station located in New York City and licensed to the DeForest Radio Telephone and Telegraph Company. It was the first station to use a [[vacuum tube]] transmitter to make radio broadcasts on a regular schedule.  From 1912 to 1917 [[Charles Herrold]] made regular broadcasts, but used an [[arc transmitter]]. He switched to a vacuum tube transmitter when he restarted broadcasting activities in 1921. Herrold coined the terms [[broadcasting]] and [[narrowcasting]].<ref name="broadcasting">{{cite web|title=Radio Broadcasting is Born|url=http://www.dcwstore.com/console-radios-and-tv.htm|access-date=2008-10-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204063825/http://www.dcwstore.com/console-radios-and-tv.htm|archive-date=2008-12-04|url-status=dead}}</ref> Herrold claimed the invention of broadcasting to a wide audience, through the use of antennas designed to radiate signals in all directions. [[David Sarnoff]] has been considered by many as "the prescient prophet of broadcasting who predicted the medium's rise in 1915", referring to his radio music box concept.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Louise Benjamin|title=In search of the Sarnoff. Radio Music Box memo: Nally's reply.|journal=Journal of Radio Studies|volume= 9|issue=1 |year=2002|pages= 97–106|doi=10.1207/s15506843jrs0901_9|s2cid=61529121|url=http://users.ipfw.edu/tankel/Syllabi/Fall%202007/COM%20584/Benjamin.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706212515/http://users.ipfw.edu/tankel/Syllabi/Fall%202007/COM%20584/Benjamin.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2015-07-06}}</ref>

[[File:Frankconrad.jpg|thumb|right|Broadcasting pioneer Frank Conrad in a 1921 portrait]]
A few organizations were allowed to keep working on radio during the war.  [[Westinghouse Electric Corporation|Westinghouse]] was the most well-known of these.  [[Frank Conrad]], a Westinghouse engineer, had been making transmissions from 8XK since 1916 that included music programming.<ref name="Frank Conrad">{{cite web |title=Frank Conrad The Father of Commercial Broadcasting |website=[[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] (IEEE) |url=http://www.ieee.org/web/aboutus/history_center/biography/conrad.html|access-date=2008-10-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080403021152/http://www.ieee.org/web/aboutus/history_center/biography/conrad.html|archive-date=2008-04-03}}</ref> A team at the [[University of Wisconsin–Madison]] headed by Professor [[Earle M. Terry]] was also on the air.<ref name="Earle M.Terry">{{cite book |title=Reference to Earle M.Terry in a History of Broadcasting in the United States |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nKFvnNl9vOEC&q=earle+m+terry&pg=PA39|access-date=2008-10-13|isbn=9780198020035|author=Erik Barnouw|date=1966| publisher=Oxford University Press }}</ref>

====1920s====
By 1919, after the war, radio pioneers across the country resumed transmissions.  The early stations gained new call signs.  A few early stations, notably 8MK (later known as WWJ in Detroit) were started by newspapers, but in those early years, radio and newspapers regarded each other as competitors. One early station, 8XK in Pittsburgh, became [[KDKA (AM)|KDKA]] in 1920; its ownership has asserted that it was the first radio station in the US, but that claim is controversial <ref>{{cite web|first=Donna|last=Halper|date=July 2020|url=https://www.thebdr.net/when-broadcasting-really-began-refuting-the-kdka-myth-again/|title=When Broadcasting Really Began|website=The Broadcasters' Desktop Resource}}</ref>

Madison Avenue early on recognized the importance of radio as a new advertising medium. Advertising provided the major funding for most stations. The United States never had a licensing fee for set users.<ref>{{cite book|first=Susan|last=Smulyan|year=1994|title=Selling radio: The commercialization of American broadcasting, 1920-1934|publisher=Smithsonian Inst Press|isbn=9781560983125 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eXe4AAAAIAAJ}}</ref>

Radio in education began as early as April 1922, when Medford Hillside's WGI Radio broadcast the first of an ongoing series of educational lectures from Tufts College professors.  These lectures were described by the press as a sort of "wireless college."<ref>{{cite news|title=Tufts College to Give Radio Lecture Course|newspaper=Olympia (WA) Daily Recorder|date=March 25, 1922|page=5}}</ref>  Soon, other colleges across the U.S. began adding radio broadcasting courses to their curricula; some, like the University of Iowa, even provided what today would be known as distance-learning credits.<ref>{{cite news|title=U of I Offers Full Credits in Air School|newspaper=Rockford (IL) Daily Register|date=October 5, 1925|page=4}}</ref> [[Curry College]], first in Boston and then in Milton, Massachusetts, introduced one of the nation's first broadcasting majors in 1932 when the college teamed up with WLOE in Boston to have students broadcast programs.  This success led to numerous radio courses in the curriculum which has taught thousands of radio broadcasters from the 1930s to today.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.curry.edu|title=Curry College - Home|website=www.curry.edu|access-date=26 March 2018}}</ref>

By 1931, a majority of U.S. households owned at least one [[radio receiver]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Craig|first=Steve|year=2004|title=How America Adopted Radio: Demographic Differences in Set Ownership Reported in the 1930–1950 U.S. Censuses|journal=[[Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media]]|volume=48|issue=2|pages=179–195|publisher=[[Routledge]]|doi=10.1207/s15506878jobem4802_2|s2cid=145186571|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233149747}}</ref> In 1934, several independent stations formed the [[Mutual Broadcasting System]] to exchange syndicated programming, including ''[[The Lone Ranger]]'' and ''[[Amos 'n' Andy]]''. Prior to 1927, U.S. radio was supervised by the Department of Commerce.  Then, the Radio Act of 1927 created the Federal Radio Commission (FRC);<ref>{{cite journal|title=The Radio Act|journal=Central Law Journal|date=March 4, 1927| page=158 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GW8tAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA158}}</ref> in 1934, this agency became known as the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). A [[Federal Communications Commission]] decision in 1939 required [[NBC]] to divest itself of its [[Blue Network]].  That decision was sustained by the Supreme Court in a 1943 decision, National Broadcasting Co. v. United States, which established the framework that the "scarcity" of radio-frequency meant that broadcasting was subject to greater regulation than other media. This [[Blue Network]] network became the [[American Broadcasting Company]] (ABC). Around 1946, ABC, NBC, and CBS began regular television broadcasts. Another TV network, the [[DuMont Television Network]], was founded earlier, but was disbanded in 1956; later in 1986 the surviving DuMont independent stations formed the nucleus of the new [[Fox Broadcasting Company]].<ref name="DTNHWS">{{cite web|url=https://dumonthistory.com/9.html|title=DuMont Television Network Historical Web Site|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101027143941/https://dumonthistory.com/9.html |archive-date=2010-10-27 }}</ref>