Editing Incentive (section)

== Incentives in the context of voluntary contributions ==
When it comes to volunteering activities, monetary incentives can bring negative effects. According to the [[Self-perception theory]], humans constantly seek explanations for their behavior.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bem |first=Daryl J. |chapter=Self-Perception Theory |date=1972 |doi=10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60024-6 |editor=Leonard Berkowitz |title=Advances in Experimental Social Psychology |volume=6 |pages=1–62 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=9780120152063}}</ref> When individuals are involved in volunteering activities, they most likely perceive themselves as prosocial and altruistic, and attach a symbolic price to the act of volunteering.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Frey |first1=Bruno S. |last2=Jegen |first2=Reto |date=December 2001 |title=Motivation Crowding Theory |journal=Journal of Economic Surveys |volume=15 |issue=5 |pages=589–611 |doi=10.1111/1467-6419.00150 |issn=0950-0804}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Heyman |first1=James |last2=Ariely |first2=Dan |date=November 2004 |title=Effort for Payment |journal=Psychological Science |volume=15 |issue=11 |pages=787–793 |doi=10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00757.x |pmid=15482452 |s2cid=8573184 |issn=0956-7976}}{{Expression of Concern|doi=10.1177/09567976211035782|pmid=34296633|http://retractionwatch.com/?s=statcheck ''Retraction Watch''|http://retractionwatch.com/2021/07/29/prominent-behavioral-scientists-paper-earns-an-expression-of-concern/ ''Retraction Watch''}}</ref> When a monetary reward is attached to an otherwise prosocial activity such as volunteering, people may perceive that their originally altruistic actions are now linked to extrinsic incentives,<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal |last1=Bolle |first1=Friedel |last2=Otto |first2=Philipp E. |date=February 2010 |title=A Price Is a Signal: on Intrinsic Motivation, Crowding-out, and Crowding-in |journal=Kyklos |volume=63 |issue=1 |pages=9–22 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-6435.2010.00458.x |s2cid=154039981 |issn=0023-5962}}</ref> causing their [[self-image]] benefit<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Brekke |first1=Kjell Arne |last2=Kverndokk |first2=Snorre |last3=Nyborg |first3=Karine |date=September 2003 |title=An economic model of moral motivation |journal=Journal of Public Economics |volume=87 |issue=9–10 |pages=1967–1983 |doi=10.1016/s0047-2727(01)00222-5 |issn=0047-2727|hdl=10419/192272 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> and prosocial motivation to decrease.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Qiao |first1=Dandan |last2=Lee |first2=Shun-Yang |last3=Whinston |first3=Andrew B. |last4=Wei |first4=Qiang |date=2021-01-02 |title=Mitigating the Adverse Effect of Monetary Incentives on Voluntary Contributions Online |journal=Journal of Management Information Systems |language=en |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=82–107 |doi=10.1080/07421222.2021.1870385 |s2cid=232765666 |issn=0742-1222}}</ref> A crowding-out effect leads to a decrease in individuals’ desire to volunteer and people eventually stop contributing due to the rewards attached. For example, if monetary incentives are offered for voluntary blood donation, it will have a negative effect on the number of people donating blood.<ref name=":10" />