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Javanese script
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==== Punctuation ==== Traditional Javanese text is written without spaces between words (''[[scriptio continua]]'') and uses a set of punctuation marks known as ''pada'' (ꦥꦢ). To separate sentences, Javanese script employs ''pada lungsi'' (꧉) when the last syllable is open (without a ''pangkon'') but uses ''pada lingsa'' (꧈) when the last syllable is closed (using a ''pangkon''). Conversely, to separate clauses, ''pada lingsa'' (꧈) is used if the last syllable is closed, while a space is used if the last syllable is open. This punctuation system differs from the use of periods and commas in Latin script and is often not well understood by contemporary Javanese script users. Additionally, Javanese script lacks equivalents for [[Question mark|question marks]], [[Exclamation mark|exclamation marks]], [[Hyphen|hyphens]], mathematical symbols (including slashes), and [[Semicolon|semicolons]]. Consequently, whether a sentence in Javanese script is interrogative (question) or imperative (command) can only be inferred from the context. The various forms of ''pada'' are as follows: {| class="wikitable letters-tall letters-violet" |+ Common punctuation |- |{{letter|s=Java|ch=꧈|note=lingsa}} |{{letter|s=Java|ch=꧉|note=lungsi}} |{{letter|s=Java|ch=꧊|note=adeg}} |{{letter|s=Java|ch=꧋|note=adeg-adeg}} |{{letter|s=Java|ch=꧌...꧍|note=pisélèh}} |{{letter|s=Java|ch=꧁...꧂|note=rerenggan}} |{{letter|s=Java|ch=꧇|note=pangkat}} |{{letter|s=Java|ch=ꧏ|note=rangkap}} |} In modern teaching, the most commonly used punctuation marks in Javanese script are ''pada adeg-adeg'', ''pada lingsa'', and ''pada lungsi'', which function similarly to a paragraph mark (like a [[pilcrow]]), a [[comma]], and a [[full stop]], respectively. ''Pada adeg-adeg'' opens a paragraph, ''pada lingsa'' separates clauses or sentences and ''pada lungsi'' ends a sentence. Other punctuation marks include ''pada adeg'' and ''pada pisèlèh'', which are used to enclose inserts in the text, similar to [[parentheses]] or [[quotation marks]]. ''Pada pangkat'' functions similarly to a [[Colon (punctuation)|colon]]. ''Pada rangkap'' is sometimes used as a repetition marker, similar to the use of the number "2" in informal Indonesian (e.g. kata-kata ꦏꦠꦏꦠ → ꦏꦠꧏ = kata2).{{sfn|Everson|2008|pp=4-5}} Some punctuation marks, like ''rerenggan'', have no direct Latin script equivalents and are often purely decorative. They are frequently used to frame titles or sections of text, with considerable variation among writers. In correspondence, certain punctuation marks indicate the sender’s social status. ''Pada andhap'' denotes low status, ''pada madya'' denotes middle status, ''pada luhur'' denotes high status, and ''pada guru'' is neutral, without social connotations. ''Pada pancak'' is used to end a letter. However, these distinctions are generalized. The actual forms and functions of these punctuation marks are highly variable, with specific regional and personal styles.{{sfn|Everson|2008|pp=4-5}} In traditional manuscripts, some royal scribes used specific correction marks instead of crossing out errors. ''Tirta tumétès'' is found in Yogyakarta manuscripts, while ''isèn-isèn'' is found in Surakarta manuscripts.{{sfn|Everson|2008|pp=5}}
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