Editing Nuclear electromagnetic pulse (section)

===On aircraft===
Many nuclear detonations have taken place using [[aerial bomb]]s. The [[B-29]] aircraft that delivered the nuclear weapons at [[Hiroshima]] and [[Nagasaki]] did not lose power from electrical damage, because [[electron]]s (ejected from the air by gamma rays) are stopped quickly in normal air for bursts below roughly {{convert|10|km|ft||}}, so they are not significantly deflected by the Earth's magnetic field.<ref name="Glasstone_1977">{{cite book |last1=Glasstone |first1=Samuel |author-link1=Samuel Glasstone |last2=Dolan |first2=Philip J. |author-link2=Philip J. Dolan |date=1977 |title=The Effects of Nuclear Weapons |chapter=XI: The Electromagnetic Pulse and its Effect |publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]] and [[United States Department of Energy]] |oclc=1086574022 |ol=OL10450457M |via=[[Google Books]] |df=dmy-all |isbn=978-0318203690 |url={{Google books|KOM8AAAAIAAJ|plainurl=yes}}}}</ref>{{rp|page=517}}

If the aircraft carrying the [[Hiroshima]] and [[Nagasaki]] bombs had been within the intense nuclear radiation zone when the bombs exploded over those cities, then they would have suffered effects from the [[photoinduced charge separation|charge separation]] (radial) EMP. But this only occurs within the severe blast radius for detonations below about {{convert|10|km|ft|order=flip}} altitude.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}}

During [[Operation Fishbowl]], EMP disruptions were suffered aboard a [[KC-135]] photographic aircraft flying {{convert|300|km|abbr=on}} from the {{convert|410|ktonTNT|abbr=on}} detonations at {{convert|48|and|95|km|ft|abbr=on}} burst altitudes.<ref name="glasstone.blogspot.com">{{cite web |title=EMP radiation from nuclear space bursts in 1962 |last1=Glasstone |first1=Samuel |author-link1=Samuel Glasstone |date=2006-03-28 |website=Glasstone's errors in The Effects of Nuclear Weapons, and the strategic implication for deterrence |language=en |df=dmy-all |url=http://glasstone.blogspot.com/2006/03/emp-radiation-from-nuclear-space.html |access-date=2022-08-10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811022617/https://glasstone.blogspot.com/2006/03/emp-radiation-from-nuclear-space.html?m=1 |archive-date=2022-08-11 |quote=Subsequent tests with lower yield devices [410 kt ''Kingfish'' at 95 km altitude, 410 kt ''Bluegill'' at 48 km altitude, and 7 kt ''Checkmate'' at 147 km] produced electronic upsets on an instrumentation aircraft [presumably the KC-135 that filmed the tests from above the clouds?] that was approximately 300 kilometers away from the detonations.}}<!-- blog source was https://fas.org/spp/starwars/congress/1997_h/h970716u.htm &ndash; testimony to 1997 U.S. Congressional Hearings, Dr. George W. Ullrich, the Deputy Director of the U.S. Department of Defense's Defense Special Weapons Agency --></ref> The vital electronics were less sophisticated than today's and the aircraft was able to land safely.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}}

Modern aircraft are heavily reliant on solid-state electronics which are very susceptible to EMP blasts. Therefore, airline authorities are creating high intensity radiated fields (HIRF) requirements for new airplanes to help prevent the chance of crashes caused by EMPs or electromagnetic interference (EMI).<ref>{{cite book |title=Electromagnetic Shielding and Corrosion Protection for Aerospace Vehicles |year=2007 |language=en |last1=Gooch |first1=Jan W. |last2=Daher |first2=John K. |isbn=978-0-387-46094-9 |doi=10.1007/978-0-387-46096-3 |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-0-387-46096-3}}</ref> To do this all parts of the airplane must be conductive. This is the main shield from EMP blasts as long as there are no holes for the waves to penetrate into the interior of the airplane. Also, insulating some of the main computers inside the plane adds an extra layer of protection from EMP blasts.{{citation needed|date=February 2024}}