Editing Permethrin (section)

==Other animals==
It is known to be highly toxic to cats, fish and aquatic species with long-lasting effects.<ref name=PermGen>{{cite web|url=http://npic.orst.edu/factsheets/PermGen.html#wildlife |title=Permethrin General Fact Sheet|website=npic.orst.edu|language=en|access-date=6 January 2018|archive-date=3 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103154911/http://npic.orst.edu/factsheets/PermGen.html#wildlife|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Permethrin |url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Permethrin#section=GHS-Classification |website=pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |publisher=PubChem |access-date=28 June 2020 |language=en |archive-date=28 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200628162254/https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Permethrin#section=GHS-Classification |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Cats ===
Permethrin is toxic to cats; however, it has little effect on dogs.<ref name=PermGen/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.consumerreports.org/pets/should-you-use-natural-tick-prevention-for-your-dog-or-cat/ |title=Should You Use Natural Tick Prevention for Your Dog or Cat? | vauthors = Roberts C |date=22 October 2018 |website=Consumer Reports |publisher=Consumer Reports Inc. |access-date=12 December 2018 |archive-date=15 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215223121/https://www.consumerreports.org/pets/should-you-use-natural-tick-prevention-for-your-dog-or-cat/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Englar RE |title=Common Clinical Presentations in Dogs and Cats |date=2019 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-119-41459-9 |page=333 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KNKgDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA333 |language=en |access-date=31 May 2020 |archive-date=19 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819135524/https://books.google.com/books?id=KNKgDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA333 |url-status=live }}</ref> Many cats die after being given flea treatments intended for dogs, or by contact with dogs having recently been treated with permethrin.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Linnett PJ | title = Permethrin toxicosis in cats | journal = Australian Veterinary Journal | volume = 86 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 32–35 | year = 2008 | pmid = 18271821 | doi = 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2007.00198.x }}</ref> In cats it may induce hyperexcitability, tremors, seizures, and death.<ref name="MaddisonPage2008">{{cite book| vauthors = Page SW | veditors = Maddison JE |others=Stephen W. Page, David Church|title=Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RpsROVqemk8C&pg=PA236|year=2008|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-7020-2858-8|page=236|chapter=10: Antiparasitic drugs|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324014840/https://books.google.com/books?id=RpsROVqemk8C&pg=PA236|archive-date=24 March 2017}}</ref>

Toxic exposure of permethrin can cause several symptoms, including [[convulsion]], [[hyperaesthesia]], [[hyperthermia]], [[hypersalivation]], and loss of balance and coordination. Exposure to [[pyrethroid]]-derived drugs such as permethrin requires treatment by a veterinarian, otherwise the poisoning is often fatal.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Richardson JA | title = Permethrin spot-on toxicoses in cats. | journal = Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care | date = June 2000 | volume = 10 | issue = 2 | pages = 103–106 | doi = 10.1111/j.1476-4431.2000.tb00006.x }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dymond NL, Swift IM | title = Permethrin toxicity in cats: a retrospective study of 20 cases | journal = Australian Veterinary Journal | volume = 86 | issue = 6 | pages = 219–223 | date = June 2008 | pmid = 18498556 | doi = 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2008.00298.x }}</ref> This intolerance is due to a defect in [[glucuronosyltransferase]], a common detoxification enzyme in other mammals, that also makes the cat intolerant to [[paracetamol]] (acetaminophen).<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bordeau W | date = January 2009 | journal = Sciences & Pratique | volume = 1018 |url=http://www.depecheveterinaire.com/basedocudv/actualites_dermatologiques_etude_retrospective_australienne_signes_nerveux_digestifs.pdf |title=Intoxications du chat par la perméthrine: rares mais graves |access-date=26 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227010357/http://www.depecheveterinaire.com/basedocudv/actualites_dermatologiques_etude_retrospective_australienne_signes_nerveux_digestifs.pdf |archive-date=27 December 2013}}</ref> Based on those observations, the use of any external parasiticides based on permethrin is contraindicated for cats.

=== Aquatic organisms ===
Permethrin is listed as a "restricted use" substance by the US [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|Environmental Protection Agency]] (EPA)<ref name=rupr>{{cite web | title =Restricted Use Products (RUP) Report | url =https://www.epa.gov/pesticide-worker-safety/restricted-use-products-rup-report | date=16 February 2024 | publisher=U.S. [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|Environmental Protection Agency]] (EPA) | access-date =1 December 2009| url-status =live| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20100111030314/http://www.epa.gov/opprd001/rup/rup6mols.htm| archive-date =11 January 2010}}</ref> due to its high toxicity to aquatic organisms,<ref name=RED>{{cite web| author = Environmental Protection Agency| author-link = United States Environmental Protection Agency| title =Permethrin Facts (Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) Fact Sheet)| url =https://www3.epa.gov/pesticides/chem_search/reg_actions/reregistration/fs_PC-109701_1-Jun-06.pdf| date =June 2006| website =epa.gov| publisher =EPA Special Review and Reregistration Division| access-date =13 May 2020| archive-date =6 August 2020| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20200806094905/https://www3.epa.gov/pesticides/chem_search/reg_actions/reregistration/fs_PC-109701_1-Jun-06.pdf| url-status =live}}</ref> so permethrin and permethrin-contaminated water should be properly disposed of. Permethrin is quite stable, having a half life of 51–71 days in an aqueous environment exposed to light. It is also highly persistent in soil.<ref>{{cite web | vauthors = Imgrund H | date = 28 January 2003 | publisher = Environmental Monitoring Branch, California Department of Pesticide Regulation, California Environmental Protection Agency | url = http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/pubs/fatememo/permethrin.pdf | title = Environmental Fate of Permethrin | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131007224634/http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/pubs/fatememo/permethrin.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2013}}</ref>