Editing Plant virus (section)

== Applications of plant viruses ==

Plant viruses can be used to engineer [[viral vector]]s, tools commonly used by molecular [[biologist]]s to deliver [[genetic material]] into plant [[Cell (biology)|cells]]; they are also sources of biomaterials and nanotechnology devices.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Pasin |first1=Fabio |last2=Menzel |first2=Wulf |last3=Daròs |first3=José-Antonio |date=June 2019 |title=Harnessed viruses in the age of metagenomics and synthetic biology: an update on infectious clone assembly and biotechnologies of plant viruses |journal=Plant Biotechnology Journal |volume=17 |issue=6 |pages=1010–1026 |doi=10.1111/pbi.13084 |issn=1467-7652 |pmc=6523588 |pmid=30677208}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Abrahamian |first1=Peter |last2=Hammond |first2=Rosemarie W. |last3=Hammond |first3=John |date=2020-06-10 |title=Plant Virus-Derived Vectors: Applications in Agricultural and Medical Biotechnology|journal=Annual Review of Virology |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=513–535 |doi=10.1146/annurev-virology-010720-054958 |issn=2327-0578 |pmid=32520661 |s2cid=219588089 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Knowledge of plant viruses and their components has been instrumental for the development of modern plant biotechnology. The use of plant viruses to enhance the beauty of ornamental plants can be considered the first recorded application of plant viruses. [[Tulip breaking virus]] is famous for its dramatic effects on the color of the tulip [[perianth]], an effect highly sought after during the 17th-century Dutch "[[tulip mania]]." [[Tobacco mosaic virus]] (TMV) and [[cauliflower mosaic virus]] (CaMV) are frequently used in plant molecular biology. Of special interest is the CaMV 35S [[promoter (biology)|promoter]], which is a very strong promoter most frequently used in plant [[transformation (genetics)|transformation]]s. Viral vectors based on [[tobacco mosaic virus]] include those of the [https://www.icongenetics.com/technology/ magnICON®] and TRBO plant expression technologies.<ref name=":2" />

[[File:Semper Augustus Tulip 17th century.jpg|thumb|'''Application of plant viruses to enhance the plant beauty'''. The ''Semper Augustus'', famous for being the most expensive tulip sold during [[tulip mania]]. The effects of [[tulip breaking virus]] are seen in the striking streaks of white in its red petals.]]

Building on the market approvals and sales of recombinant virus-based biopharmaceuticals for veterinary and human medicine, the use of engineered plant viruses has been proposed to enhance crop performance and promote sustainable production.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Pasin |first1=Fabio |last2=Uranga |first2=Mireia |last3=Charudattan |first3=Raghavan |last4=Kwon |first4=Choon-Tak |date=2024-05-15 |title=Engineering good viruses to improve crop performance |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s44222-024-00197-y |journal=Nature Reviews Bioengineering |volume=2 |issue=7 |language=en |pages=532–534 |doi=10.1038/s44222-024-00197-y |issn=2731-6092 |url-access=subscription }} [https://rdcu.be/dH1Jw Full-text free access ]</ref>

Representative applications of plant viruses are listed below.
{|class="wikitable"
|+Applications of plant viruses<ref name=":1" /> 
|'''Use'''
|'''Description'''
!'''References'''
|-
|Enhanced plant aesthetics
|Increase beauty and commercial value of ornamental plants
|<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Valverde|first1=Rodrigo A.|last2=Sabanadzovic|first2=Sead|last3=Hammond|first3=John|date=May 2012|title=Viruses that Enhance the Aesthetics of Some Ornamental Plants: Beauty or Beast?|journal=Plant Disease|volume=96|issue=5|pages=600–611|doi=10.1094/PDIS-11-11-0928-FE|issn=0191-2917|pmid=30727518|doi-access=free}}</ref>
|-
|Cross‐protection
|Delivery of mild virus strains to prevent infections by their severe relatives
|<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ziebell|first1=Heiko|last2=Carr|first2=John Peter|date=2010|title=Cross-protection: a century of mystery|journal=Advances in Virus Research|volume=76|pages=211–264|doi=10.1016/S0065-3527(10)76006-1|issn=1557-8399|pmid=20965075}}</ref>
|-
|Weed biocontrol
|Viruses triggering lethal systemic necrosis as bioherbicides
|<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Harding|first1=Dylan P.|last2=Raizada|first2=Manish N.|date=2015|title=Controlling weeds with fungi, bacteria and viruses: a review|journal=Frontiers in Plant Science|volume=6|pages=659|doi=10.3389/fpls.2015.00659|issn=1664-462X|pmc=4551831|pmid=26379687|doi-access=free}}</ref>
|-
|Pest biocontrol
|Enhanced toxin and pesticide delivery for insect and nematode control
|<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bonning|first1=Bryony C.|last2=Pal|first2=Narinder|last3=Liu|first3=Sijun|last4=Wang|first4=Zhaohui|last5=Sivakumar|first5=S.|last6=Dixon|first6=Philip M.|last7=King|first7=Glenn F.|last8=Miller|first8=W. Allen|date=January 2014|title=Toxin delivery by the coat protein of an aphid-vectored plant virus provides plant resistance to aphids|journal=Nature Biotechnology|volume=32|issue=1|pages=102–105|doi=10.1038/nbt.2753|issn=1546-1696|pmid=24316580|s2cid=7109502}}</ref>
|-
|Nanoparticle scaffolds
|Virion surfaces are functionalized and used to assemble nanoparticles
|<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Steele|first1=John F. C.|last2=Peyret|first2=Hadrien|last3=Saunders|first3=Keith|last4=Castells-Graells|first4=Roger|last5=Marsian|first5=Johanna|last6=Meshcheriakova|first6=Yulia|last7=Lomonossoff|first7=George P.|date=July 2017|title=Synthetic plant virology for nanobiotechnology and nanomedicine|journal=Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology|volume=9|issue=4|pages=e1447|doi=10.1002/wnan.1447|issn=1939-0041|pmc=5484280|pmid=28078770}}</ref>
|-
|Nanocarriers
|Virions are used to transport cargo compounds
|<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Aumiller|first1=William M.|last2=Uchida|first2=Masaki|last3=Douglas|first3=Trevor|date=2018-05-21|title=Protein cage assembly across multiple length scales|journal=Chemical Society Reviews|volume=47|issue=10|pages=3433–3469|doi=10.1039/c7cs00818j|issn=1460-4744|pmc=6729141|pmid=29497713}}</ref>
|-
|[[Nanoreactor]]s
|Enzymes are encapsulated into virions to engineer cascade reactions
|<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Comellas-Aragonès|first1=Marta|last2=Engelkamp|first2=Hans|last3=Claessen|first3=Victor I.|last4=Sommerdijk|first4=Nico A. J. M.|last5=Rowan|first5=Alan E.|last6=Christianen|first6=Peter C. M.|last7=Maan|first7=Jan C.|last8=Verduin|first8=Benedictus J. M.|last9=Cornelissen|first9=Jeroen J. L. M.|last10=Nolte|first10=Roeland J. M.|author-link10=Roeland J. M. Nolte |date=October 2007|title=A virus-based single-enzyme nanoreactor|journal=Nature Nanotechnology|volume=2|issue=10|pages=635–639|doi=10.1038/nnano.2007.299|issn=1748-3395|pmid=18654389|bibcode=2007NatNa...2..635C|hdl=2066/35237|s2cid=226798 |hdl-access=free}}</ref>
|-
|Recombinant protein/peptide expression
|Fast, transient overproduction of recombinant peptide, polypeptide libraries and protein complexes
|<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Gleba|first1=Yuri Y.|last2=Tusé|first2=Daniel|last3=Giritch|first3=Anatoli|date=2014|title=Plant viral vectors for delivery by Agrobacterium|series=Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology|volume=375|pages=155–192|doi=10.1007/82_2013_352|issn=0070-217X|pmid=23949286|isbn=978-3-642-40828-1}}</ref>
|-
|Functional genomic studies
|Targeted gene silencing using [[VIGS]] and miRNA viral vectors
|<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Burch-Smith|first1=Tessa M.|last2=Anderson|first2=Jeffrey C.|last3=Martin|first3=Gregory B.|last4=Dinesh-Kumar|first4=S. P.|date=September 2004|title=Applications and advantages of virus-induced gene silencing for gene function studies in plants|journal=The Plant Journal: For Cell and Molecular Biology|volume=39|issue=5|pages=734–746|doi=10.1111/j.1365-313X.2004.02158.x|issn=0960-7412|pmid=15315635|doi-access=free}}</ref>
|-
|[[Genome editing]]
|Targeted genome editing ''via'' transient delivery of sequence‐specific nucleases
|<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Zaidi|first1=Syed Shan-E.-Ali|last2=Mansoor|first2=Shahid|date=2017|title=Viral Vectors for Plant Genome Engineering|journal=Frontiers in Plant Science|volume=8|pages=539|doi=10.3389/fpls.2017.00539|issn=1664-462X|pmc=5386974|pmid=28443125|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Dinesh-Kumar|first1=Savithramma P.|last2=Voytas|first2=Daniel F.|date=July 2020|title=Editing through infection|url=http://www.nature.com/articles/s41477-020-0716-1|journal=Nature Plants|language=en|volume=6|issue=7|pages=738–739|doi=10.1038/s41477-020-0716-1|pmid=32601418|bibcode=2020NatPl...6..738D |s2cid=220260018|issn=2055-0278|url-access=subscription}}</ref>
|-
|Metabolic pathway engineering
|Biosynthetic pathway rewiring to improve production of native and foreign metabolites
|<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kumagai|first1=M. H.|last2=Donson|first2=J.|last3=della-Cioppa|first3=G.|last4=Harvey|first4=D.|last5=Hanley|first5=K.|last6=Grill|first6=L. K.|date=1995-02-28|title=Cytoplasmic inhibition of carotenoid biosynthesis with virus-derived RNA|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=92|issue=5|pages=1679–1683|doi=10.1073/pnas.92.5.1679|issn=0027-8424|pmc=42583|pmid=7878039|bibcode=1995PNAS...92.1679K|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Majer|first1=Eszter|last2=Llorente|first2=Briardo|last3=Rodríguez-Concepción|first3=Manuel|last4=Daròs|first4=José-Antonio|date=31 January 2017|title=Rewiring carotenoid biosynthesis in plants using a viral vector|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=7|pages=41645|doi=10.1038/srep41645|issn=2045-2322|pmc=5282570|pmid=28139696|bibcode=2017NatSR...741645M}}</ref>
|-
|Flowering induction
|Viral expression of ''FLOWERING LOCUS T'' to accelerate flowering induction and crop breeding
|<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=McGarry|first1=Roisin C.|last2=Klocko|first2=Amy L.|last3=Pang|first3=Mingxiong|last4=Strauss|first4=Steven H.|last5=Ayre|first5=Brian G.|date=January 2017|title=Virus-Induced Flowering: An Application of Reproductive Biology to Benefit Plant Research and Breeding|journal=Plant Physiology|volume=173|issue=1|pages=47–55|doi=10.1104/pp.16.01336|issn=1532-2548|pmc=5210732|pmid=27856915}}</ref>
|-
|Crop [[gene therapy]]
|Open‐field use of viral vectors for transient reprogramming of crop traits within a single growing season
|<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Torti |first1=Stefano |last2=Schlesier |first2=René |last3=Thümmler |first3=Anka |last4=Bartels |first4=Doreen |last5=Römer |first5=Patrick |last6=Koch |first6=Birgit |last7=Werner |first7=Stefan |last8=Panwar |first8=Vinay |last9=Kanyuka |first9=Kostya |last10=Wirén |first10=Nicolaus von |last11=Jones |first11=Jonathan D. G. |last12=Hause |first12=Gerd |last13=Giritch |first13=Anatoli |last14=Gleba |first14=Yuri |date=February 2021 |title=Transient reprogramming of crop plants for agronomic performance |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33594264 |journal=Nature Plants |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=159–171 |doi=10.1038/s41477-021-00851-y |issn=2055-0278 |pmid=33594264|bibcode=2021NatPl...7..159T |s2cid=231945168 }}</ref>
|}