Editing Proto-Semitic language (section)

=== Lexis ===
[[File:Semitic 1st AD.svg|thumb|250px|right|The Semitic languages in the 1st century AD]]
Reconstruction of the Proto-Semitic lexicon provides more information about the lives of Proto-Semites and helps in the search for their [[Urheimat]].

Reconstructed terms include: 

* [[religion|Religious]] terms: {{lang|sem-x-proto|*ʔil}} ‘[[deity]]’, {{lang|sem-x-proto|*ḏbḥ}} ‘to perform a [[sacrifice]]’, {{lang|sem-x-proto|*mšḥ}} ‘[[anointment|to anoint]]’, {{lang|sem-x-proto|*ḳdš}} ‘be holy’, {{lang|sem-x-proto|*ḥrm}} ‘to forbid, excommunicate’, ''*ṣalm-'' ‘[[Cult image|idol]]’;
* [[agriculture|Agricultural]] terms: ''*ḥaḳl-'' ‘field’, ''*ḥrṯ'' ‘to plough’, ''*zrʕ'' ‘to sow’, ''*ʻṣ́d'' ‘to harvest’, ''*dyš'' ‘to thresh’, ''*ḏrw'' ‘to winnow’, ''*gurn-'' ‘[[threshing-floor]]’, ''*ḥinṭ-'' ‘[[wheat]]’, ''*kunāṯ-'' ‘[[emmer]]’;
* [[Animal husbandry]] terms: ''*raḫil-'' ‘ewe’, ''*‘inz-'' ‘[[domestic goat|goat]]’, ''*śaw-'' ‘a flock of sheep’, ''*ṣ́a’n-'' ‘a herd of sheep and goats’, {{transliteration|mis|*gzz}} ‘to shear sheep’, ''*r‘y'' ‘to graze (animals)’, ''*šḳy'' ‘to guide to a watering place’, ''*ʔalp-'' ‘bull’, ''*ṯawr-'' ‘buffalo’, ''*kalb-'' ‘[[dog]]’, ''*ḥimār-'' ‘[[Domestic donkey|donkey]]’, ''*’atān-'' ‘she-donkey’, ''*ḥalab-'' ‘[[milk]]’, ''*lašad-'' ‘cream’, ''*ḫim’at-'' ‘[[butter]]’;
* Terms of daily life: ''*bayt-'' ‘house’, ''*dalt-'' ‘[[door]]’, ''*ʕarś-'' ‘[[bed]]’, ''*kry'' ‘to dig’, ''*biʔr-'' ‘[[well]]’, ''*śrp'' ‘to kindle, ''*ʔiš-'' ‘[[fire]]’, ''*ḳly'' ‘to roast’, ''*laḥm-'' ‘food’;
* Technological terms: ''*ṣrp'' ‘to smelt’, ''*paḥḥam-'' ‘[[coal]]’, ''*kasp-'' ‘[[silver]]’, ''*ḥabl-'' ‘rope’, ''*ḳašt-'' ‘[[Bow (weapon)|bow]]’, ''*ḥaṱw-'' ‘[[arrow]]’;
* Plants and foods: ''*tiʔn-'' ‘[[Common fig|fig]]’, ''*ṯūm-'' ‘[[garlic]]’, ''*baṣal-'' ‘[[onion]]’, ''*dibš-'' ‘date honey’.<ref name="Huehnergard2068">{{citation|author=Huehnergard J.|title=Proto-Semitic Language and Culture|url=https://www.academia.edu/1421136|volume=The American Heritage dictionary of the English Language|year=2011|pages=2068}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Kogan L.|title=The Semitic languages|chapter=Proto-Semitic Lexicon|url=|place=Berlin — Boston|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|year=2011|pages=179–242|isbn=978-3-11-018613-0}}</ref>

The words {{lang|sem-x-proto|*ṯawr-}} ‘buffalo’ and {{lang|sem-x-proto|*ḳarn-}} ‘horn’ are suspected to be borrowings from [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]]<ref name="Huehnergard2068"/> or vice versa (for {{lang|sem-x-proto|*ṯawr-}} and certain other words).<ref>{{Cite journal |author =  |editor=  |format= |url=  |title= Древнейшие индоевропейско-семитские языковые контакты |type=  |orig-year= | agency =  |edition= Проблемы индоевропейского языкознания  |location=  |year= 1964 |publisher=  |volume=  |issue=  |number= |pages = 3–12 |series=  |isbn =  |issn =  |doi =  |bibcode =  |arxiv =  |pmid =  |language=  |quote=  }}</ref> [[Sergei Starostin]] adduces several dozens of Semito-Indo-European correspondences, which he considers to be borrowings into Proto-Semitic from [[Proto-Anatolian language|Proto-Anatolian]] or a disappeared branch of Proto-Indo-European.<ref>{{Cite book |editor=  |format= |url=  |title= Indo-European Glottochronology and Homeland |type=  |orig-year= | agency =  |edition= Труды по языкознанию  |location=  |year= 2007 |publisher=  Языки славянских культур|volume=  |number= |pages = 821–826 |series=  |isbn = 978-5-9551-0186-6 |issn =  |doi =  |bibcode =  |arxiv =  |pmid =  |language=  |quote=  |last1= а Старостин|first1= С.}}</ref>