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Pyrolysis
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=== Thermal cleaning === {{See also|Thermal cleaning}} Pyrolysis is also used for ''thermal cleaning'', an industrial application to remove [[Organic chemistry|organic]] substances such as [[polymer]]s, [[plastic]]s and [[coating]]s from parts, products or production components like [[Plastics extrusion|extruder screws]], [[Spinneret (polymers)|spinnerets]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fiberjournal.com/back-issues/ |title=Effective Spinneret Cleaning |author=Heffungs, Udo |date=June 2010 |publisher=Fiber Journal |access-date=19 April 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630015337/http://www.fiberjournal.com/back-issues/ |archive-date=30 June 2016 }}</ref> and [[static mixer]]s. During the thermal cleaning process, at temperatures from {{convert|310|to|540|C|sigfig=1}},<ref name="Mainord1994">{{cite web |url=http://infohouse.p2ric.org/ref/02/01800.pdf |title=Cleaning with Heat: Old Technology with a Bright New Future |author=Mainord, Kenneth |date=September 1994 |website=Pollution Prevention Regional Information Center |publisher=The Magazine of Critical Cleaning Technology |access-date=4 December 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208133211/http://infohouse.p2ric.org/ref/02/01800.pdf |archive-date=8 December 2015 }}</ref> organic material is converted by pyrolysis and oxidation into [[volatile organic compounds]], [[hydrocarbon]]s and [[Carbonization|carbonized]] gas.<ref name="Thermal Processing 2014">{{cite web |url=http://thermalprocessing.org/2014/03/14/look-thermal-cleaning-technology/ |title=A Look at Thermal Cleaning Technology |date=14 March 2014 |website=ThermalProcessing.org |publisher=Process Examiner |access-date=4 December 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208191756/http://thermalprocessing.org/2014/03/14/look-thermal-cleaning-technology/ |archive-date=8 December 2015 }}</ref> [[Inorganic chemistry|Inorganic]] elements remain.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://infohouse.p2ric.org/ref/30/29295.pdf |title=Cleaning Metal Parts and Tooling |author1=Davis, Gary |author2=Brown, Keith |date=April 1996 |website=Pollution Prevention Regional Information Center |publisher=Process Heating |access-date=4 December 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031105/http://infohouse.p2ric.org/ref/30/29295.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref> Several types of thermal cleaning systems use pyrolysis: * ''Molten Salt Baths'' belong to the oldest thermal cleaning systems; cleaning with a [[molten salt]] bath is very fast but implies the risk of dangerous splatters, or other potential hazards connected with the use of salt baths, like explosions or highly toxic [[hydrogen cyanide]] gas.<ref name="Mainord1994" /> * ''Fluidized Bed Systems''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?FT=D&date=19991007&DB=worldwide.espacenet.com&locale=de_EP&CC=WO&NR=9949999A1&KC=A1&ND=4 |title=Method for removing polymer deposits which have formed on metal or ceramic machine parts, equipment and tools |author1=Schwing, Ewald |author2=Uhrner, Horst |date=7 October 1999 |website=Espacenet |publisher=European Patent Office |access-date=19 April 2016 |archive-date=31 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201231175822/https://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?FT=D&date=19991007&DB=worldwide.espacenet.com&locale=de_EP&CC=WO&NR=9949999A1&KC=A1&ND=4 |url-status=dead }}</ref> use [[sand]] or [[aluminium oxide]] as heating medium;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?CC=DE&NR=2337894A1&KC=A1&FT=D |title=Cleaning objects in hot fluidised bed β with neutralisation of resultant acidic gas esp. by alkaline metals cpds |author1=Staffin, Herbert Kenneth |author2=Koelzer, Robert A. |date=28 November 1974 |website=Espacenet |publisher=European Patent Office |access-date=19 April 2016 |archive-date=31 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201231175959/https://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?CC=DE&NR=2337894A1&KC=A1&FT=D |url-status=dead }}</ref> these systems also clean very fast but the medium does not melt or boil, nor emit any vapors or odors;<ref name="Mainord1994" /> the cleaning process takes one to two hours.<ref name="Thermal Processing 2014" /> * ''Vacuum Ovens'' use pyrolysis in a [[vacuum]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio;jsessionid=1R87vtg4+Shk-VrpqpVUsDVb.espacenet_levelx_prod_3?locale=en_EP&FT=D&CC=US&DB=worldwide.espacenet.com&NR=4220480A&date=19800902&ND=4&KC=A |title=Process for vacuum pyrolysis removal of polymers from various objects |author=Dwan, Thomas S. |date=2 September 1980 |website=Espacenet |publisher=European Patent Office |access-date=26 December 2015 |archive-date=31 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201231180038/https://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio;jsessionid=1R87vtg4+Shk-VrpqpVUsDVb.espacenet_levelx_prod_3?locale=en_EP&FT=D&CC=US&DB=worldwide.espacenet.com&NR=4220480A&date=19800902&ND=4&KC=A |url-status=dead }}</ref> avoiding uncontrolled combustion inside the cleaning chamber;<ref name="Mainord1994" /> the cleaning process takes 8<ref name="Thermal Processing 2014" /> to 30 hours.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thermal-cleaning.com/en/schwing-thermal-cleaning-systems-accessories/vacuum-pyrolysis-systems.html |title=Vacuum pyrolysis systems |website=thermal-cleaning.com |access-date=11 February 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215201957/http://www.thermal-cleaning.com/en/schwing-thermal-cleaning-systems-accessories/vacuum-pyrolysis-systems.html |archive-date=15 February 2016 }}</ref> * ''Burn-Off Ovens'', also known as ''Heat-Cleaning Ovens'', are gas-fired and used in the painting, [[coating]]s, [[electric motor]]s and [[plastic]]s industries for removing organics from heavy and large metal parts.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mntap.umn.edu/paint/resources/56-PaintStrip.htm |title=Paint Stripping: Reducing Waste and Hazardous Material |date=July 2008 |website=Minnesota Technical Assistance Program |publisher=University of Minnesota |access-date=4 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208103626/http://www.mntap.umn.edu/paint/resources/56-PaintStrip.htm |archive-date=8 December 2015 }}</ref>
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