Editing Quotation (section)

====Quotative particles====
Quotative or hearsay particles are grammatical markers equivalent to full lexical verbs with meanings of ''"say, mention, tell, etc."'' In many languages, they are [[grammaticalization|grammaticalized]] to different extremes from their previously lexical form. Common patterns of grammaticalization trajectories include verb to complementizer in many African and Asian languages and verb to [[tense-aspect-mood]] markers primarily in African languages, but also in Australian languages and multiple other [[language family|language families]].<ref name="DarcyA Review"/><ref name="Matsui and Yamamoto">{{cite journal |last1=Matsui |first1=Tomoko |last2=Yamamoto |first2=Taeko |title=Developing sensitivity to the sources of information: Early use of the Japanese quotative particles tte and to in mother–child conversation |journal=Journal of Pragmatics |date=2013 |volume=59 |pages=5–25 |doi=10.1016/j.pragma.2013.06.008 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378216613001598|access-date=13 April 2020|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
[[File:Quotative Particle Ashita hareru tteto yo.png|thumb|Quotative Particle "-tte" and "to" in Japanese.]]
Japanese, for example, uses a sentence-final quotative particle ''tte'' verbally to mean "I heard (quote)" with some uncertainty. In sentence-medial position, ''tte'' is sometimes regarded along with ''to'' to be either a quotative particle or complementizer meaning "I heard (quote)" with less uncertainty and often more knowledge of the origin of the quote.

{{fs interlinear |lang=ja |indent=2
|c1= <ref name="Matsui and Yamamoto" />
| 明日  晴れる  -'''って'''
| ashita  hareru  '''tte'''.
| tomorrow  will-be-fine  QUOT
| "It will be fine tomorrow, I heard."
}}
{{fs interlinear |lang=ja |indent=2 |abbreviations=FP:final particle
|c1= <ref name="Matsui and Yamamoto" />
| 明日  晴れる  '''って'''/'''と'''  言ってた  よ
| ashita  hareru  '''-tte'''/'''to'''  itteta  yo.
| tomorrow  will-be-fine  QUOT  said  FP
| "(X) said that it would be fine tomorrow."
}}
Verbs of saying are highly restricted in Australian languages and almost always immediately proceed the complement verb.

{{interlinear |indent=2 |abbreviations=IRR:irregular
|top='''[[Ngarinyin language|Ngarinyin]] example'''
|c1= <ref name="DarcyA Review"/> 
| wurlan wurr-u-miyangga bud-ma-ra-ngarrugu
| word 3PL-FUT-know 3PL-say-PST-1PL.OBL.IRR
| "They will know this word" they said to us.
}}