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Reactive oxygen species
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===Chronic inflammation and cancer=== Experimental and epidemiologic research over the past several years has indicated close associations among ROS, chronic inflammation, and cancer.<ref name="pmid22117137" /> ROS induces chronic inflammation by the induction of COX-2, inflammatory cytokines (TNFα, interleukin 1 (IL-1), IL-6), chemokines (IL-8, CXCR4) and pro-inflammatory transcription factors (NF-κB).<ref name="pmid22117137" /> These chemokines and chemokine receptors, in turn, promote invasion and metastasis of various tumor types.
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