Editing Sexual intercourse (section)

===Sexual offenses===
Sexual intercourse with a person against their will, or without their [[Consent#Sexual activity|consent]], is [[rape]], but may also be called ''[[sexual assault]]''; it is considered a serious [[criminal law|crime]] in most countries.<ref name="Sex and Society">{{cite book|author=Marshall Cavendish Corporation | title = Sex and Society | publisher = [[Marshall Cavendish Corporation]] | year = 2010 | pages = 143–144 | access-date = August 25, 2013|isbn = 978-0-7614-7906-2|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=aVDZchwkIMEC&pg=PA143}}</ref><ref name="Greenberg2">{{cite book|author=Jerrold S. Greenberg|author2=Clint E. Bruess|author3=Sarah C. Conklin| title = Exploring the Dimensions of Human Sexuality| publisher = [[Jones & Bartlett Learning]] | year = 2010 | page = 515 | access-date = August 25, 2013|isbn = 978-0-7637-7660-2|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=1NC5R0RozBYC&pg=PA515}}</ref> More than 90% of rape victims are female, 99% of rapists male, and only about 5% of rapists are strangers to the victims.<ref name="Greenberg2"/>

Most countries have [[age of consent]] laws which set the minimum legal age with whom an older person may engage in sexual intercourse, usually set at 16 to 18, but ranges from 12 to 20, years of age. In some societies, an age of consent is set by non-statutory custom or tradition.<ref name="Kinnear">{{cite book|author=Karen L. Kinnear| title = Childhood Sexual Abuse: A Reference Handbook| publisher = [[ABC-CLIO]] | year = 2007 | page = 89 | access-date = August 25, 2013|isbn = 978-1-85109-905-4|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=V1rogCrcOMwC}}</ref> Sex with a person under the age of consent, regardless of their stated consent, is often considered sexual assault or [[statutory rape]] depending on differences in ages of the participants. Some countries treat any sex with a person of diminished or insufficient mental capacity to give consent, regardless of age, as rape.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Reed|first=E. J.|title=Criminal Law and the Capacity of Mentally Retarded Persons to Consent to Sexual Activity |journal=[[Virginia Law Review]] |year=1997|volume=83|issue=4 |pages=799–827|jstor=1073749|doi=10.2307/1073749}}</ref>
[[File:Slevogt Faun and a Girl.jpg|thumb|left|[[Max Slevogt]] depiction of rape]]
Robert Francoeur et al. stated that "prior to the 1970s, rape definitions of sex often included only penile-vaginal sexual intercourse."<ref name="Francoeur">{{cite book | title = The Continuum Complete International Encyclopedia of Sexuality | publisher = [[Continuum International Publishing Group]] | year = 2004 | page = 173 | access-date = April 30, 2013|isbn = 978-0-8264-1488-5| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=PQMTzc6y8ZAC&pg=PA173 | first1 = Robert T. | last1 = Francoeur | author1-link = Robert T. Francoeur | first2 = Raymond J. | last2 = Noonan | first3 = Beldina | last3 = Opiyo-Omolo | name-list-style = vanc }}</ref> Authors Pamela J. Kalbfleisch and Michael J. Cody stated that this made it so that if "sex means penile-vaginal intercourse, then rape means forced penile-vaginal intercourse, and other sexual behaviors&nbsp;– such as fondling a person's genitals without her or his consent, forced oral sex, and same-sex coercion&nbsp;– are not considered rape"; they stated that "although some other forms of forced sexual contact are included within the legal category of sodomy (e.g., anal penetration and oral-genital contact), many unwanted sexual contacts have no legal grounding as rape in some states".<ref name="Kalbfleisch"/> Ken Plumber argued that the legal meaning "of rape in most countries is unlawful sexual intercourse which means the penis must penetrate the vagina" and that "other forms of sexual violence towards women such as forced oral sex or anal intercourse, or the insertion of other objects into the vagina, constitute the 'less serious' crime of sexual assault".<ref name="Plummer">{{cite book| author = Ken Plummer | author-link = Ken Plummer (sociologist) | title = Modern Homosexualities: Fragments of Lesbian and Gay Experiences | publisher = [[Routledge]] | year = 2002 | pages = 187–191 | access-date = August 24, 2013|isbn =978-1-134-92242-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OSO3q4XEfz4C&pg=PA189|quote=[S]ome sexual practices are regarded as inherently better (normal, natural, more satisfying) than others, with vaginal intercourse privileged as the 'Real Thing.' Such beliefs, influenced by views about sex as ultimately a reproductive function, continue to be perpetuated through discourses on sex despite a number of important contradictions.}}</ref>

Over time, the meaning of rape broadened in some parts of the world to include many types of sexual penetration, including anal intercourse, fellatio, cunnilingus, and penetration of the genitals or rectum by an inanimate object.<ref name="Francoeur"/> Until 2012, the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) still considered rape a crime solely committed by men against women. In 2012, they changed the meaning from "The carnal knowledge of a female forcibly and against her will" to "The penetration, no matter how slight, of the vagina or anus with any body part or object, or oral penetration by a sex organ of another person, without the consent of the victim." The meaning does not change federal or state criminal codes or impact charging and prosecution on the federal, state or local level, but instead assures that rape will be more accurately reported nationwide.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blogs.usdoj.gov/blog/archives/1801 |title=An Updated Definition of Rape (U.S. Dept of Justice, January 6, 2012) |access-date=October 30, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313021145/http://blogs.usdoj.gov/blog/archives/1801 |archive-date=March 13, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/07/us/politics/federal-crime-statistics-to-expand-rape-definition.html |title=U.S. to Expand Rape Definition in Crime Statistics|newspaper=The New York Times|date=January 6, 2012 |last1=Savage|first1=Charlie|author1-link=Charlie Savage (author)}}</ref> In some instances, penetration is not required for the act to be categorized as rape.<ref name="Book04">{{cite book |editor-last=Smith |editor-first=Merril D. |title=Encyclopedia of rape |year=2004 |publisher=Greenwood Press |location=Westport, Conn. |isbn=978-0-313-32687-5 |pages=169–170 |edition=1st}}</ref>

In most societies around the world, the concept of [[incest]] exists and is criminalized. James Roffee, a senior lecturer in criminology at [[Monash University]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://monash.edu/research/explore/en/persons/james-roffee(896c15d7-6f28-4bf0-8a0f-b7d6ff1553e0).html |title=Dr James Roffee|publisher=Monash university|access-date=May 22, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204003059/http://monash.edu/research/explore/en/persons/james-roffee%28896c15d7-6f28-4bf0-8a0f-b7d6ff1553e0%29.html|archive-date=February 4, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> addressed potential harm associated with familial sexual activity, such as resulting children born with deficiencies. However, the law is more concerned with protecting the rights of people who are potentially subjected to such abuse. This is why familial sexual relationships are criminalized, even if all parties are consensual. There are laws prohibiting all kinds of sexual activity between relatives, not necessarily penetrative sex. These laws refer to grandparents, parents, children, siblings, aunts and uncles. There are differences between states in terms of the severity of punishments and what they consider to be a relative, including biological parents, step-parents, adoptive parents and half-siblings.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1093/hrlr/ngu023 |last=Roffee |first=J. A. |date=September 2014 |title=No Consensus on Incest? Criminalisation and Compatibility with the European Convention on Human Rights |journal=Human Rights Law Review |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=541–572}}</ref>

Another sexual matter concerning consent is [[zoophilia]], which is a [[paraphilia]] involving sexual activity between human and non-human animals, or a fixation on such practice.<ref name="DSM">{{cite book |title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-IV | publisher = [[American Psychiatric Association]] |location=Washington, DC |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-89042-025-6 | title-link = Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders }}</ref><ref name="Milner2008">{{cite book |veditors = Laws DR, O'Donohue WT |name-list-style = amp | last = Milner | first = JS |author2=Dopke CA | title = Sexual Deviance, Second Edition: Theory, Assessment, and Treatment | publisher = [[The Guilford Press]] | location = New York | year = 2008 | pages = [https://books.google.com/books?id=yIXG9FuqbaIC&pg=PA385 384–418] |isbn=978-1-59385-605-2 | chapter = Paraphilia Not Otherwise Specified: Psychopathology and theory}}</ref><ref name="Seto2000">{{cite book |editor = Hersen M |editor2 = Van Hasselt VB | title = Aggression and violence: an introductory text |publisher= [[Allyn & Bacon]] |location=Boston |year=2000 |pages= 198–213 |isbn=978-0-205-26721-7 | last = Seto| first = MC|author2=Barbaree HE | chapter = Paraphilias}}</ref> Human sexual activity with non-human animals is not outlawed in some jurisdictions, but it is illegal in others under [[animal abuse]] laws or laws dealing with [[crimes against nature]].<ref name="Perdue">{{cite book| author =Abigail Perdue| author2 =Randall Lockwood|title=Animal Cruelty and Freedom of Speech: When Worlds Collide|publisher =[[Purdue University Press]]| year = 2014 | pages = 6–8| access-date = December 9, 2014 |isbn = 978-1-55753-633-4| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=R1ncAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA6}}</ref>